3-12.4]). Among co-infected mothers, the risk of transmission was significantly increased even when the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-345541.html load was less than 6 log copies/ml (p = 0.006). Risk factors were identified related to labor (duration and induction type); the birth process (rupture of the amniotic sac, complete opening of the sac, appearance of the amniotic fluid); fetal characteristics (prematurity) and obstetric maneuvers (instrumental extractions, spontaneous or induced perineal trauma) and none of these factors were associated with an increased rate of HCV maternal-fetal

transmission.

Conclusions: HCV infection does not appear to be a legitimate indication for modifying obstetric practices with regards to type of induction, monitoring of labor, route of delivery, fetal

and perineal obstetric maneuvers or care of the newborn in the delivery room.”
“Background: The use of amino acid (AA) dialysate to ameliorate protein-energy malnutrition has been limited by adverse metabolic effects.

Objective: We undertook this study to examine the acute metabolic effects of escalating doses of AAs delivered with lactate/bicarbonate dialysate on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD).

Patients and Methods: 12 APD patients were treated with conventional lactate-buffered dialysate (week 1), followed by lactate/bicarbonate-buffered dialysate (week 2), then 2 – 2.5 L 1.1% AA solution were added (week 3), and then an additional 2 – 2.5 L 1.1% AA were added (week 4). The primary outcomes were change in serum bicarbonate and pH, change in protein catabolic rate (PCR), and change in normalized ultrafiltration (milliliters/gram Selleck DAPT of carbohydrate infused).

Results: Serum bicarbonate rose from week 1 to week 2 (28.9 P505-15 in vitro +/- 3.2 vs 26.9 +/- 4.1 mmol/L, p =

0.03). Addition of one bag of AAs led to a decline in plasma bicarbonate (26.9 +/- 2.1 vs 28.9 +/- 3.2 mmol/L, p < 0.01), which was further magnified by the addition of the second bag of AAs (23.8 +/- 2.7 vs 26.9 +/- 2.1 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Serum bicarbonate fell significantly by week 4 compared to week 1 (23.8 +/- 2.7 vs 26.9 +/- 3.2 mmol/L, p < 0.01) although there was no significant change in venous pH or PCR when week 4 was compared to week 1. Normalized ultrafiltration was stable for the first 3 weeks but rose significantly in week 4 compared to week 1 (5.32 +/- 2.30 vs 4.14 +/- 1.58 mL/g, p = 0.03).

Conclusions: Higher doses of AAs mixed with newer bicarbonate/lactate dialysate on APD result in a small decrease in serum bicarbonate but improved normalized ultrafiltration. This merits further study as both a nutritional supplement and a glucose-sparing strategy.”
“BACKGROUND: Ethanol production from synthesis gas (syngas) by Clostridium ljungdahlii was autotrophically carried out in a continuous flow stirred tank bioreactor (CSTR). A 2 L bioreactor was operated at 37 degrees C and constant agitation rate of 500 rpm.

Conclusions: Although many OA-related biomarkers are currently available they exist in various states of qualification and validation. The biomarkers that are likely to have the earliest beneficial impact on clinical trials fall into two general categories, those that will allow targeting Danusertib nmr of subjects most likely to either respond and/or progress (prognostic value) within a reasonable and manageable time frame for a clinical study (for instance within 1-2 years for an OA trial), and those that provide early feedback for preclinical

decision-making and for trial organizers that a drug is having the desired biochemical effect. As in vitro biomarkers are increasingly investigated in the 3-Methyladenine purchase context of specific drug treatments, advances in the field can be expected that will lead to rapid expansion of the list of available biomarkers with increasing understanding of the molecular processes that they represent. (C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pycnodysostosis is

a rare autosomal recessive skeletal disorder involving a constellation of craniofacial manifestations including midface retrusion. We report the case of a 13-year-old Angiogenesis inhibitor girl with pycnodysostosis who presented with exorbitism, midface retrusion, malocclusion, and obstructive sleep apnea. Here, we describe the successful use of subcranial Le Fort III advancement using distraction osteogenesis with internal Kawamoto distracters. After a latency of 5 days, distraction for 10 days, and consolidation for 12 weeks, her midface was advanced by 10 mm with slight overcorrection at the occlusion level. At 2 years postoperatively, the patient had complete remission of her sleep apnea, resolution of her exorbitism, and amelioration of her class III malocclusion

to class I. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful subcranial Le Fort III midface advancement with distraction osteogenesis for craniofacial reconstruction of a pycnodysostosis. Our report highlights the surgical options that have been described for this craniofacial deformity and presents a novel and expedient approach for patients with pycnodysostosis presenting with exorbitism, midface retrusion, and/or sleep apnea.”
“Objetives: This study define altered passive eruption (APE) and evaluate the morphology of the dentogingival unit.

Material and Methods: 123 individuals subjected to clinical examination and parallel profile radiography of the upper central incisor.

Studies treating primary and permanent teeth with primary caries lesions requiring a restoration were analyzed. The following primary and secondary outcomes were investigated: risk of pulpal exposure, post-operative pulpal symptoms, overall failure, and caries progression. Electronic databases were screened for studies from 1967 to 2012. Cross-referencing was used to identify further articles. Odds CA3 solubility dmso ratios (OR) as effect estimates were calculated in a random-effects model. From 364 screened articles, 10 studies representing 1,257

patients were included. Meta-analysis showed risk reduction for both pulpal exposure (OR [95% CI] 0.31 [0.19-0.49]) and pulpal symptoms (OR 0.58 [0.31-1.10]) for teeth treated with one-or two-step incomplete excavation. Risk of failure seemed to be similar for both complete and incomplete excavation, but data for this outcome were of limited quality and inconclusive (OR 0.97 [0.64-1.46]). Based on reviewed studies, incomplete caries removal SC75741 cell line seems advantageous compared with complete excavation, especially in proximity to the pulp. However, evidence levels are currently insufficient for definitive conclusions because of high risk of bias within studies.”
“Objective: To

develop an idiographic and nomothetic patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment and evaluation of patients with feet affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Study Design and Setting: The development of the Salford Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Evaluation AS1842856 cost (SAFE) Instrument PROM was divided

into four stages: establishment of the PROM’s conceptual basis and content generation, following a descriptive phenomenological study; clinimetric instrument development; instrument pretesting, involving expert reviews and cognitive interviews; and demonstration of instrument measurement properties, including convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the nomothetic scale.

Results: A total of 123 items were initially generated for the SAFE, with 25 of them clinimetrically selected for nomothetic scale (SAFE-Part A) and 80 items initially included in the idiographic scale (SAFE-Part B). The pretesting strategy proved effective for improving and refining the SAFE, with the final draft consisting of 19 items in Part A and 42 items in Part B. The SAFE-Part A has strong evidence for convergent validity and test-retest reliability.

Conclusion: The SAFE features a nomothetic and idiographic assessment strategy that, with further development, will prove to be a valuable tool for clinicians involved in managing the foot health problems associated with RA. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Constituents of the fruits of Rubus corchorifolius were investigated. A new compound, namely rubusin A (1), along with three known compounds, was isolated and characterized. Among them, the new compound exhibited significant activity against kidney deficiency, and quercetin and kaempferol were isolated from the fruits of R.

Average HD velocity Tubastatin A in vitro was faster in the study group. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that head station (HS) amplitude

and Toco amplitude were the best parameters for predicting HD velocity in both groups. In the study group, average HD velocity was also significantly related to Toco rate and contraction efficiency. In the augmented group, only a weak correlation with Toco rate was seen, and no correlation with contraction efficiency.

ConclusionWith the assistance of the Birth Track device, we can obtain continuous data on the labor process and indices to estimate the labor progress process without the use of vaginal (manual) examination.”
“Objective. Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a challenging condition for which there is no reference standard for treatment. The purpose of this study was to provide outcome data on the largest study to date evaluating pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) for ON and to determine whether any demographic, clinical, or treatment characteristics are associated with success.

Design.

Retrospective data analysis was conducted in 102 subjects evaluating the effect of myriad factors on treatment success.

Setting. buy IACS-10759 This study was conducted in academic civilian and military pain treatment centers.

Patients. One hundred and two consecutive patients with a primary diagnosis of ON were treated with PRF of the greater and/or lesser occipital nerve.

Outcome Measures. A positive primary outcome was predefined as >= 50% pain relief lasting at least 3 months. The secondary outcome measure was procedural satisfaction.

Results. Fifty-two (51%) patients experienced >= 50% pain relief and satisfaction VE-822 nmr with treatment lasting at least 3 months. Variables associated with a positive outcome included a traumatic

inciting event (65.7% success rate; P = 0.03), lower diagnostic block volumes (odds ratio [OR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.82; P < 0.0001), and employment of multiple rounds of PRF (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.77-4.92; P < 0.0001). Factors correlating with treatment failure included extension of pain anterior to the scalp apex (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14-0.73; P = 0.006) and ongoing secondary gain issues (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.11-0.33; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion. PRF may provide intermediate-term benefit in ON to a significant proportion of refractory cases. Careful attention to selection criteria and treatment parameters may further improve treatment outcomes.”
“Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a contagious enteric disease of pigs caused by a coronavirus. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) based on the use of monoclonal antibodies was developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). The DAS-ELISA was compared with RT-PCR in the examination of 506 specimens collected during 2006-2007 from pigs originating from different farms located in the Po valley.

2 ng/L (water) and 6.6 ng/g (sediment), respectively. Due to the continuous input of estrogens to Dianchi Lake from STPs and inflow rivers, present estrogen levels in various tissues of wild fish species sampled from the lake (2013) were higher than the values detected in the previous years (2009 and 2010). The bioaccumulation of steroid estrogens in wild fish species from different sampling sites was in the order of STP-5 > Dianchi Lake (2013) > Dianchi Lake (2010) Dianchi Lake (2009) field control > laboratory control, which is mainly affected by exposure ‘concentrations. By employing risk quotient

(RQ), it is found that eco-toxicological risk of steroid estrogens in Dianchi Lake catchment was in Quisinostat a sequence of 22 rivers > effluents of eight STPs > Dianchi Lake (2013) > Dianchi Lake (2010), and high RQs were check details found in EE2, which should be controlled preferentially in this catchment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We have investigated the electronic structures and magnetic properties of La2MnNiO6 that is a typical ferromagnetic insulator with the double perovskite structure. We have examined the valence states of Mn and Ni ions using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave band method. The density of states as well as the

charge density plot are in good agreement with the reported experimental and theoretical results. Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor We have examined the ferromagnetic mechanism in terms of the superexchange interaction. We have calculated the x-ray absorption spectrum based on the band structure results and compared it with the experiment. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3073661]“
“Benzotriazole (BTR) and benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used

as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxybenzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazolej, and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-benzothiazole, 2-amino-benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (2,Sigma(5)BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 02 (Korea) to 2.

“
“Optical absorption spectra of x-ray irradiated CdS1-xSex nanocrystals embedded in a borosilicate glass matrix are studied. The observed transformation of the confinement-related features in the spectra is related to the x-ray-induced negative ionization of the nanocrystals with charge transfer across the nanocrystal/matrix interface. The radiation-induced changes and their relaxation upon postirradiation storage as a function of nanocrystal size and composition are discussed. VX-765 mouse (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3409111]“
“Chronic low-grade inflammation

is involved in late renal transplant dysfunction. Recent studies suggest a role for hemopexin, an acute phase protein, in kidney damage. We investigated whether hemopexin activity (Hx) predicts graft failure in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). In 557 RTRs with functioning grafts for >= 1 year, Hx was measured in citrate-plasma. RTRs were divided according to Hx into two groups; A: sextile 1-5 (464 RTRs, 83%) and B: sextile 6 (92 RTRs, 17%). Hx [median (IQR) 11.1 (3.3-19.1) arbitrary units] was measured at 6.0 (2.6-11.5) years post-transplant. RTRs with high Selleck BAY 1895344 Hx (group B) had significantly higher urinary protein excretion (UP) and diastolic blood pressure

than group A, despite significantly more prevalent use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors.

After follow-up [4.6 (3.8-5.2) years], incidence of graft failure in group A was 25 (5%) and in group B 14 (15%, P = 0.0009). After adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), UP and other potential confounders, Hx remained an independent predictor of graft failure [HR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.2-5.3), P = 0.01]. In conclusion, elevated Hx predicts late graft failure in RTRs, independent of hsCRP and UP. This suggests that Hx measurement, next to measurement of creatinine clearance and UP, could be of value for the identification of RTRs at risk for graft failure.”
“The aim of this study was to assess differences in nutritional status and their association with circulating leptin AZD4547 cost levels in the indigenous Tepehu ‘ an people of Mezquital Durango and Mestizo populations of Durango City, Mexico. A group of 128 volunteers aged 18 through 59 years were recruited for the study: 60 indigenous Tepehu ‘ an from Mezquital and 68 Mestizo individuals from Durango City. The classification of nutritional status was through body mass index (BMI). Clinical evaluations, including anthropometry and lipid profiles, were performed to ascertain the health of the participants. Circulating leptin levels were determined in blood samples after at 08 hours of fasting.

“
“The polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane (PMPSQ) microspheres were used as an additive for the injection-molding of polycarbonate (PC) in order to obtain a flame retardant polymer and to damage the other properties of PC as low as possible. The results showed that PMPSQ microspheres were a kind AZD8186 clinical trial of effective flame retardant by the LOI test and the flame retardancy of PC increased with the increase of PMPSQ content. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the PMPSQ could induce crosslinking reactions and accelerate the thermal degradation of PC, sequentially promote the formation of the residue char during degradation. Differential

scanning calorimetry measurement showed that the glass transition temperature of PC/PMPSQ system was decreased with the increase of PMPSQ content, which maybe caused by the enlarged free volume of PC-rich phase. The rheological behaviors including dynamic and steady modes, combined with the analysis of scanning electron microscopy photographs, exhibited that the dispersion and compatibility of PMPSQ in the PC matrix decreased the viscosity of

the systems and the addition of PMPSQ microspheres improved the processability of PC, but still there exist aggregation of PMPSQ microspheres in PC matrix, which gave a higher impact strength but a lower flexural modulus and elongation at break than pure PC. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 330-337, 2010″
“The objectives of this study were to quantitatively analyze the movement trajectories of four types of Supplementary motor area (SMA) seizures (hyperkinetic, tonic learn more Posturing, fencing posture, tonic head turning), and to compare the movement trajectories of SMA seizures with those of temporal lobe seizures and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Ten video/EEG recordings of each type of seizure were obtained. Imaging data collected by video/EEG monitoring were transformed into a digital matrix with image processing software and then transformed into a movement trajectory curve with MATLAB

6.5 software. From these movement trajectories, amplitude, frequency, proximal/distal selleck chemical limb amplitude ratios, and shoulder/abdominal amplitude ratios measurements were calculated. One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in average amplitude, as well as proximal/distal limb amplitude ratios, in SMA seizures when compared with those of temporal lobe seizures and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. This study proved the feasibility of quantitative analysis of SMA seizures and suggests it should be further evaluated for its capability to distinguish different seizure semiologies for the diagnosis of epilepsy. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Selective area growth was adopted to grow high-quality quantum dots (QDs) of different energy levels on the same plane at 1.5 mu m.

The results show the electron temperature and density from Sn plasma produced by a CO2 laser with wavelength of 10.6 mu m to be lower than previously reported results using a 1064 nm laser in a similar parameter regime. The lower temperature in the region far away from the target surface confirms the smaller interaction region for CO2 laser as compared with that of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3475369]“
“Objective. The objective of this study was to histologically analyze the influence of the platelet-rich

plasma (PRP) on bone Elafibranor cost healing in surgically created critical-size defects (CSD) in the calvaria of diabetic rats.

Study design. A total of 20 diabetic rats were divided into 2 groups: C (control) and PRP. A 5-mm diameter CSD was created in the calvarium of each animal. In Group C, the defect was filled by blood clot only. In Group PRP, 0.35 mL of PRP was

IWP-2 supplier placed in the defects. All animals were humanely killed 30 days postoperatively. Histometric and histologic analyses were performed. Data were statistically analyzed (t test, P < .05).

Results. No defect completely regenerated with bone. Group PRP had a statistically greater amount of bone formation than Group C (37.22% +/- 6.00% and 21.68% +/- 11.35%, respectively).

Conclusion. PRP placed in the defects significantly enhanced bone healing in CSD in the calvaria of diabetic rats both qualitatively and quantitatively.

(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 72-78)”
“Lycoris radiata is a perennial herb that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time and has two main medicinal components in its bulb, lycorine and galanthamine. However, the original microsatellite loci have not been developed for any species of Lycoris. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh bulbs using a modified CTAB protocol. We isolated 10 microsatellite loci from 21 L. radiata individuals of a natural population from Yellow Mountain in Anhui Province, China. The number of alleles ranged from two to nine. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.238 to 0.952 and from 0.455 to 0.784, respectively. One locus significantly deviated from CRM1 inhibitor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no significant linkage disequilibrium was found between pairs of loci. Cross-species amplification of these microsatellite loci was characterized in additional five species (L. sprengeri, L. anhuiensis, L. albiflora, L. longituba, and L. chinensis) of Lycoris. The results suggest that these microsatellite markers would contribute to the population genetic studies of L. radiata and other related species.”
“We have obtained the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in YbInCu4 under different pressures and magnetic fields. The MCE at the valence transition could be maximized using a combination of magnetic field and applied pressure.

0-T unit. Two independent readers reviewed images PRIMA-1MET research buy acquired with conventional and dual-source

parallel RF transmission for detection of focal liver lesions, with separate reading of a third radiologist, including all available imaging findings, clinical history, and histopathologic findings, as reference. Image quality and lesion conspicuity were rated on five-and three-point evaluation scales, respectively. Contrast ratios between focal liver lesions and adjacent liver parenchyma were calculated. Significance was determined by using nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank and marginal homogeneity tests.

Results: With the reference standard, 106 index lesions were identified in 22 patients. Detection rate significantly improved from 87% (92 of 106) to 97%

(103 of 106) (reader 1) and from 85% (90 of 106) to 96% (102 of 106) (reader 2) with parallel RF transmission (reader 1, P = .0078; reader 2, P = .002). Quality of parallel RF transmission images was assigned scores significantly higher, compared with quality of conventional Selleckchem Baf-A1 RF transmission images (mean for reader 1, 2.88 +/- 0.73 vs 4.04 +/- 0.44; mean for reader 2, 2.81 +/- 0.72 vs 4.04 +/- 0.39; P < .0001 for both). Lesion conspicuity scores were significantly higher on parallel RF transmission images, compared with conventional RF transmission images (mean for reader 1, 2.02 +/- 0.64 vs 2.92 +/- 0.27; mean for reader 2, 2.06 +/- 0.67 vs 2.90 +/- 0.30; P < .0001 for both). Contrast ratios were significantly higher with parallel RF transmission (P < .05).

Conclusion:

Compared with conventional RF transmission, parallel RF transmission significantly improved liver lesion detection rate, image quality, lesion conspicuity, and lesion contrast. (C) RSNA, 2011″
“Background: Depression is common among individuals with methamphetamine (MA) use disorders. As agents that enhance serotonergic function are frequently used to treat depression, one might predict that they would be useful medications for MA dependence. However, clinical trials of serotonergic agents for MA addiction find more have been unsuccessful.

Objective: To identify factors that distinguish MA-dependent research participants who increased MA self-administration while receiving treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline from other groups of participants.

Method: Using a dataset from a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline (100 mg daily) for MA addiction, we identified participants who had completed at least 8 weeks of the trial (n = 61 sertraline, n = 68 placebo). We compared the proportions of MA-positive urine tests for weeks 8-12 of the trial for these subjects to their pre-randomization baseline, and identified those subjects who increased MA use during treatment.

Methods. Motor-evoked potentials following

transcranial magnetic stimulation, and compound muscle action potentials and F-waves following electrical stimulation in the ulnar and tibial nerves were measured from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and abductor hallucis (AH) muscles in 20 patients with CTM, 92 patients with compressive cervical myelopathy (CCM), and 18 control subjects. The CMCT detected from the ADM (CMCT-ADM), the AH (CMCT-AH), and the CMCT-ADM/AH ratio (CMCT-ADM/CMCT-AH) were calculated.

Results. The CMCT-AHs in patients with CTM were significantly longer than in control subjects, although there were no significant differences in the CMCT-ADMs. In contrast, both the CMCT-ADMs and CMCT-AHs in the CCM group were significantly longer than those of the control group. The CMCT-ADM/AH ratios in the CTM group were significantly lower than those of the other groups. Among the CTM and LB-100 CCM groups, when the cutoff point of the CMCT-ADM/AH ratio was set at equal to or lower than 0.52, i.e., the mean CMCT-ADM/AH ratio in the control group, the odds ratio for CTM was 68.4 (95% confidence I-BET-762 chemical structure interval: 8.62-543; P < 0.001).

Conclusion. Our data showed a significant pattern of CMCT parameters and low CMCT-ADM/AH ratios in patients

with CTM. The measurement of CMCT is valuable as a noninvasive technique for screening patients with CTM or CCM before magnetic resonance imaging.”
“Neurodegenerative

conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and hemorrhagic stroke are associated with increased levels of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) in the brain, which can promote Fenton chemistry. While all types of brain cells can take up NTBI, their efficiency of accumulation and capacity to withstand iron-mediated www.sellecn.cn/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html toxicity has not been directly compared. The present study assessed NTBI accumulation in cultures enriched in neurons, astrocytes, or microglia after exposure to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). Microglia were found to be the most efficient in accumulating iron, followed by astrocytes, and then neurons. Exposure to 100 mu M FAC for 24 h increased the specific iron content of cultured neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells by 30-, 80-, and 100-fold, respectively. All cell types accumulated iron against the concentration gradient, resulting in intracellular iron concentrations that were several orders of magnitude higher than the extracellular iron concentrations. Accumulation of these large amounts of iron did not affect the viability of the cell cultures, indicating a high resistance to iron-mediated toxicity. These findings show that neurons, astrocytes and microglia cultured from neonatal mice all have the capacity to accumulate and safely store large quantities of iron, but that glial cells do this more efficiently than neurons.