Goat anti-CRAMP Ab (M-13) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and rabbit anti-CRAMP Ab were used as capture and detection antibody, respectively. Titration was performed with CRAMP peptide and a standard curve was constructed. Briefly, M-13 was coated onto an ELISA plate (Nalgene Nunc, Rochester, NY, USA) at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL in PBS

overnight at RT. After two washes with PBST, the plate was blocked with 100 μL of Blocking One (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) for 1 hr at RT. The samples at appropriate dilutions in triplicate were added to the plates along with the standard. The plates were incubated for 1 hr at RT, washed twice with PBST and then incubated for 1.5 hr with rabbit anti-CRAMP Ab (0.2 μg/mL) at RT. After two washes, an appropriate Fer-1 dilution of HRP-conjugated Idasanutlin in vitro goat anti-rabbit IgG F(ab’)2 (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA) was added, followed by incubation for 1 hr at RT. After two washes, the reagent 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl benzidine (Nacalai Tesque) was added as substrate/coloring agent. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm. The detection limit of the ELISA was 0.2 ng/mL. The supernatants of BALF obtained as described above were condensed by acetone precipitation and SDS-PAGE applied using Ready gels (4% T stacking gel and 10–20% T resolving gel) from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). For Western blotting, proteins were electrotransferred from the gel to PVDF membrane

(Bio-Rad). Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation of the membrane in Blocking One (Nacalai Tesque). Primary rabbit anti-CRAMP Ab was

used at a dilution 1:4000. Secondary HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG F(ab’)2 (MP Biomedicals) was used at a dilution of 1:5000. Bands were visualized using an ECL Advance Western blotting detection kit (GE healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide antigens in neutrophils were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. In brief, BALF pellets prepared as described above were fixed on glass slides with methanol for 10 min at RT and washed with PBS for 10 min. The samples were incubated with 1 μg/mL of rabbit anti-CRAMP Ab and normal serum as control for 1 hr at RT. After washing with PBS for 10 min, STK38 they were incubated with a secondary Alexa Flour 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG Ab (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) and Hoechst 33342 (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) at 1 μg/mL each for 1 hr at RT. The cells were viewed on an inverted fluorescence microscope (Eclipse Ti; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), and the images captured by using a CCD camera (Nikon digital sight DS-Qi1Mc). A mercury lamp was used for fluorescence excitation of Alexa Flour 488 (495 nm) and Hoechst 33342 (352 nm). BALB/c mice (5 weeks old) were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL of thioglycolate broth (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan). Five hours later, exudate cells were harvested; approximately 90% of them were determined to be neutrophils by Giemsa staining. The neutrophils (5 × 105 cells) were stimulated with M.

Further study is needed to clarify the long term impacts of ADMA elevation in CIN patients on future of organ damage. LEE YU JI, CHO SEONG, KIM SUNG ROK Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon Introduction: Although colistin has recently reintroduced as a therapeutic agent for the treatment

of multidrug-resistant organisms, concerns about nephrotoxicity associated with colistin allow the limited use of colistin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between colistin doses and the development of nephrotoxicity. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all patients received intravenous colistin to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative rods at Samsung Changwon buy LBH589 Hospital was conducted. From INCB024360 clinical trial 2010 to 2013, adult patients receiving colistin for 72 hr or longer were included in this study. The patients with a glomerular filtration rate <50 ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline were excluded. Nephrotoxicity was defined as doubling of baseline serum creatinine. Colistin dosing was evaluated based on both actual body weight (ABW) and ideal body weight (IBW). Results: One hundred fifty-six patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was 64.2 ± 15.2 years. Seventy-five patients (48.1%) experienced nephrotoxicity during colistin treatment. The mean onset time of

nephrotoxicity was 10.2 ± 6.3 days. The mean daily dose of colistin based on IBW and ABW was 4.8 ± 1.5 and 5.0 ± 1.6 mg/kg/day, respectively. In logistic regression analysis using backward stepwise selection method to identify predictors of nephrotoxicity, daily colistin dose based on ABW (mg/kg/day) [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–1.58] was associated with the development next of nephrotoxicity with concominant use of diuretics (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.099–4.458) and serum albumin level (OR = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.11–0.68) after adjusting for concominant uses of inotropics and glycopeptides, age and hematocrit.

However, when colistin dose based on IBW instead of ABW was added in logistic model, colistin dose was no longer a risk factor of nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: Colistin doses based on IBW was not associated with the development of nephrotoxicity during colistin treatment. Colistin dosing based on IBW may be relatively safe from colistin-associated nephrotoxicity. PARAPIBOON WATANYU, SATHITTRAKOOL SUPHASIT, TAWEESAK PANAWAN, CHOEIKAMHAENG LADDAPORN Department of Medicine, Maharat Nakhonratchasima Hospital Introduction: Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have been widely used in acute kidney injury (AKI). However, acute peritoneal dialysis (APD) is still commonly used in AKI especially in hemodynamically unstable patients and unavailable IHD or CRRT. Therefore, outcomes of IHD and APD in treatment of AKI patients need to be clarified.

These circulating AGE can deposit in the kidney and cause cellular dysfunction and renal damage. Elevated serum and urine levels of the AGE pentosidine can be detected

by HPLC or ELISA and help to predict the development of diabetic nephropathy.17 In addition, plasma levels of pentosidine have been shown to increase with loss of residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis and to decrease with patients recovering renal function after transplantation.19,20 The excretion rate of albumin is the most commonly used biomarker of renal injury. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the circulation and during normal kidney function very little intact albumin is excreted by the kidney (<30 mg/day in humans). However, following renal injury, glomerular filtration of albumin is increased and the KU-60019 mw reabsorption and degradation of albumin by tubules are decreased, resulting check details in increased levels of intact albumin in the urine (i.e. albuminuria). Patient albuminuria is usually classified by ranges of severity, which are: microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day), macroalbuminuria (300 mg–3 g/day) and nephritic range albuminuria (>3 g/day). Albuminuria is commonly used as

an early marker of renal injury because it often precedes a decline in renal function. However, it cannot distinguish different types of proteinuric kidney disease and has a limited ability to predict disease progression and determine therapeutic efficacy. Albuminuria is commonly measured by immunological

techniques, which include: immunonephelometry, immunoturbidimetry, radioimmunoassay and ELISA.21 These techniques are good for assessing albumin excretion, which is distinctly higher than normal. However, newer HPLC-based methods (e.g. the Accumin Test) can identify both immunoreactive and non-immunoreactive albumin providing greater sensitivity than conventional immunological methods for distinguishing microalbuminuria from normal Cytidine deaminase albumin excretion.22,23 Podocyte injury is a feature of many kidney diseases that is postulated to increase glomerular filtration of albumin. Severely damaged podocytes can detach from the glomerular basement membrane and be collected in the urine sediment. Analysis of the urine sediment by quantitative PCR or ELISA can determine mRNA or protein levels of podocyte-specific molecules (e.g. nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin) as markers of podocyte injury. Increased urine sediment levels of nephrin and podocin have been detected in patients with diabetic nephropathy and active lupus nephritis.24,25 Similarly, increased levels of podocalyxin have been found in the urine sediment of patients with IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.26 Sensitive markers of tubular injury have been identified in acute and CKD. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase is a proximal tubular lysosomal enzyme, which is released during damage to proximal tubules.

LPS-protected animals showed higher frequency and number of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen and pLN, when compared to healthy controls (Figs. 5A and S4). Expression of CD25 by Foxp3+ Treg is believed to identify active Treg presumably exposed to IL-2 produced by effector cells. LPS-protected mice showed enrichment in the

proportion of Foxp3+ cells within the CD4+CD25+ compartment in pLN (Fig. 5B). In the spleen, the frequencies of Foxp3+ cells were increased in the CD4+CD25− (Fig. 5C) and not in the CD4+CD25+ cell subset (Fig. 5B), although the levels of Foxp3 expression within the latter were somewhat enhanced (Fig. S5). Together, these results suggest that LPS treatment promoted Treg activation. Analysis of thymocytes showed no significant difference in the frequency and number of CD4+Foxp3+ this website cells in LPS-treated as Angiogenesis inhibitor compared to healthy controls (Fig. S6), indicating that the LPS effects on Treg are restricted to the periphery. We conclude that LPS treatment promoted the activation and accumulation of CD4+ cells with a regulatory phenotype. The findings above suggested that enhanced Treg activity prevented effector cell diabetogenic potential activity in LPS-protected NOD mice.

According to this scenario, effector cells from LPS-treated animals would cause severe diabetes if unleashed from Treg control. To directly test this hypothesis we performed adoptive transfer of splenocytes isolated from either diabetic, healthy controls or LPS-treated mice, into alymphoid NOD/SCID animals. We first analysed female recipient mice that had received 5 × 106 total splenocytes obtained from 6- to 7-month-old NOD females (Fig. 6A). As expected, all female recipients of cells isolated from sick donors developed diabetes 7 weeks post-adoptive transfer. Intriguingly, disease onset was not significantly delayed in mice ZD1839 manufacturer that had received cells from healthy donors and diabetes incidence reached 100% by 12 weeks post-transfer.

Similar results were obtained when NOD/SCID male received splenocytes prepared from 7-month-old diabetic or disease-free NOD males (Fig. S7A). These results confirmed that diabetes is transferable upon injection of total splenocytes while spontaneous resistance to diabetes seemed not. In contrast, mice recipient of cells isolated from LPS-treated donors developed diabetes more than 5 weeks later than any of the control groups. Notably, at 12 weeks post-transfer, when all control mice were readily sick, only two of 14 (14.3%) female recipient mice of LPS-treated donors were diabetic. Remarkably, in the same group, four of 14 mice were still not diabetic 25 weeks post-transfer. Similar experiments performed with males yielded comparable results (Fig. S7A). As recipient mice were not exposed to LPS, we conclude that LPS altered the lymphocyte composition in the protected donors.

She was treated with IVIG 0.1 mg/kg (total

10 doses).She made gradual recovery over few weeks and she cleared the adenovirus by PCR after 5 weeks of therapy with well-functioning graft with creatinine of 126 μmol/L. The patient is a 60-year-old woman with ESRF secondary to polycystic kidney disease. She had been on PD for 4 months prior to undergo deceased-donor renal transplantation with a single HLA mismatch learn more in 2013. The donor was CMV and EBV positive. Standard induction therapy was administered with basiliximab, prednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus (0.05 mg/kg). Immediate postoperative care was unremarkable and a creatinine nadir of 49 μmol/L was seen within the first week. Protocol biopsy on day 12 revealed borderline cellular rejection with variable lymphocytic infiltrate www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html and mild-moderate tubulitis with no change in serum creatinine. Immunofluorescence failed to show staining for c4d. She was treated with three doses of 500 mg IV methylprednisolone and repeat biopsy at day 29 showed no further evidence of rejection with a creatinine of approximately 50 μmol/L. Immunosuppressant dosage remained unchanged. Around 4 weeks post-transplant she began complaining of dysuria and frequency and fever of 40°C. She was treated empirically with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid but failed to grow a bacterial pathogen. After one week of oral antibiotics

her symptoms did not improve and thus immunosuppression was reduced and a single dose of gentamicin (4 mg/kg) was administered, and a 7 day course of ciprofloxacin was commenced to cover protocol removal of the ureteric stent. After 3 further days of antibiotics and second negative urine culture, the patient developed diarrhoea and was admitted for inpatient management. Stool, plasma and urine specimens were positive for adenovirus confirming suspicion of systemic adenovirus. Given the well-matched donor, and concern for progressive and high risk adenovirus infection, immunosuppression was reduced further. Thalidomide With severe, almost half-hourly urinary frequency and dysuria, in spite of being systemically well with a normal white cell count, cidofovir was commenced at 1 mg/kg thrice-weekly intravenous infusions. The dysuria

and diarrhoea slowly improved after one week of therapy. Serum and plasma adenovirus was undetectable by PCR after the fourth infusion although the virus continued to shed through the urine and stool albeit reduced by 2–3 logs in semi-quantitative analysis. Subsequently her clinical condition deteriorated with the development of high grade temperatures and severe malaise and worsening renal transplant function. This had not been a feature of her initial presentation and raised concern about cidofovir toxicity necessitating immediate cessation. Over the subsequent 3 days, she developed a renal tubular acidosis and her creatinine rose sharply to 170 μmol/L. Abdomino-pelvic CT showed evidence only of mild perinephric stranding and no obstruction.

The ddY mice

were classified into three groups on the basis of onset of glomerular injury: early onset at 20 weeks, late onset at 40 weeks and quiescent even at 60 weeks. The genome-wide scan with 270 microsatellite markers identified three chromosomal regions on chromosomes 1, 9 and 10, which were significantly associated with the glomerular injuries. The peak marker D10MIT56 on chromosome 10 is located in the region syntenic to human 6q22–23with IgAN1, which is the candidate gene responsible for familial IgA nephropathy.9,10 In addition, D1MIT1 in chromosome 1 was very close Dorsomorphin chemical structure to the locus of the selectin gene, which is a known candidate for human IgA nephropathy. It appears that the three-group ddY mouse model can be a useful tool for identifying the susceptibility genes and also for examining their roles in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.9 These immunohistopathological findings indicated that EX 527 solubility dmso IgA nephropathy is an immune complex-mediated

glomerulonephritis. Whether or not antigen–antibody-dependent immune complexes play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy remains controversial. Environmental pathogens are speculated to aggravate renal injury in IgA nephropathy, but neither the underlying mechanisms nor specific exogenous antigens have been identified. Some investigations indicated that IgA nephropathy is characterized by deposition of under-galactosylated IgA1 in glomerular mesangial areas with or without antigens. Several viral or bacterial antigens originating from the respiratory, intestinal and/or biliary tracts and some dietary antigens such as gluten have been implicated. Deposition of

the major murine retroviral envelope glycoprotein, gp70, in glomeruli of ddY mice was examined by an immunofluorescence study. Takeuchi et al.11 reported that gp70 was deposited in the glomerular mesangial areas in ddY mice over 24 weeks, in the same way as IgG and IgA deposits. It may be one of the pathogenic antigens involved in the glomerular disease of ddY mice. However, positive staining of Gp70 was not observed in glomeruli of our strain of ddY mice at any age, although depositions of IgA, IgG and IgM were www.selleck.co.jp/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html marked in glomeruli in ddY mice aged over 40 weeks. It appears that gp70 deposition may not be sine qua non for the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.12 Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of pathogen pattern recognition receptors that have several different classes of pathogen-related structures and active defence mechanisms, particularly in innate immunity. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a common adaptor molecule required for signalling mediated by TLR. Suzuki et al. reported the relationship between TLR9 and the severity of renal injury in IgA nephropathy of ddY mice.13 MyD88 was identified as a candidate gene for progression of renal injury in ddY mice. In this study, ddY mice were housed in either conventional or specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions.

In accordance to the results seen when hydrocortisone was injected, the immune test responses were linked inversely to the cortisol responses: participants with low to normal post-flight cortisol values selleck kinase inhibitor showed higher IL-2 responses in the in-vitro assay, while participants with elevated cortisol levels had, inversely,

less pronounced IL-2 responses. This reflects the properties of this new assay to mirror the consequences of stress-mediated cortisol release on the cellular immune functions when challenged to recall antigens. The test described in this report includes some key elements of the former skin DTH reaction and also shows relevant similarities with respect to read-out time-points and the modulation through hormones released under stressful conditions. However, it cannot claim to mirror entirely, and hence replace, the classical skin DTH first, and most importantly, because a one-to-one comparison of both tests is no longer realizable, as the DTH skin test was phased-out 10 years ago. Secondly, this whole blood test selleck chemicals seems limited in mirroring the reactions of tissue immune cells in the skin in triggering DTH immune reactions upon intracutaneously placed antigens while, conversely, some evidence exists that DTH reactions are considered to be not only limited to the

skin, and skin DTH reactions with antigen-specific T cells such as nickel-contact eczema are also detectable in blood [12, 13]. Therefore, the assay presented indicates a more ‘universal’ in-vitro test for demonstrating antigen-dependent memory and effector cell reactions with additional aspects to those implemented into the former Merieux test, i.e. by addressing challenges

to viral antigens. Based on the questions addressed in this series of investigations, this Clomifene in-vitro test could offer an effective system for monitoring changes in the overall immune response. Moreover, this test aims to be a more universal in-vitro system for demonstrating antigen-dependent memory and effector cell reactions to viral antigens, which was not addressed in the previous Merieux DTH, and in addition seems to be an adequate tool for monitoring the effects of stress-permissive hormones on overall immune responses. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the use of this in-vitro immune test under similar clinical and research conditions to those used with the DTH skin test [7, 30, 39], e.g. in patients with HIV [40], in heart-transplanted [41] and intensive care patients [42], respectively. In summary, the evaluation of this new in-vitro cytokine release immune assay shows that the release of a panel of physiologically relevant proinflammatory cytokines can be induced gradually by standard sets of bacterial, viral and fungal recall antigen compositions, thus giving an indication of cellular immune responses in whole blood taken from healthy adults.

Experiments were performed in triplicate and results expressed as the means ± SD. Data were evaluated by one-way or two-way ANOVA tests. Tukey’s test (for pairwise comparisons of the mean values of the different groups) was used to test for differences between the groups. Significant difference was defined as P <0.05. The in vivo immunomodulating activities of LAB and fermented dairy products containing LAB are in part attributable to altered production of

cytokines that play pivotal roles in coordinating immune function. Thus, we first analyzed the concentrations of cytokines in intestinal fluid, serum and BAL, to determine the local and systemic effects induced by stimulation with the Lactobacillus strains assayed. We focused our study especially on TNF-α and IFN-γ, whose main biological roles are activation of innate immunity. Oral administration Crenolanib supplier of Lc431, Lr1505 or Lr1506 significantly increased the concentrations of IFN-γ in intestinal fluid, although the concentrations

were higher in Lc431 mice than in Lr1505 or Lr1506 mice (Fig. 1a). Moreover, concentrations of INF-γ were increased in serum of Lc431, Lr1505 or Lr1506 mice (Fig. 1b). In addition, all treatments increased concentrations of TNF-α in intestinal fluid, however, only Lc431 and Lr1505 groups showed higher concentrations of serum TNF-α than did controls www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html (Fig. 1a). There were no changes in TNF-α concentrations in BAL with any of the treatments (Fig. 1c) or in values for BAL INF-γ in mice treated with Lr1506. However, animals in Lc431 and Lr1505 groups had concentrations of BAL IFN-γ that were significantly higher than in the control group (Fig. 1c). In order to study the activation of the respiratory burst in macrophages, we used the NBT method.

All treatments increased the percentage of NBT+ cells in the peritoneal cavity; we observed no significant differences Sinomenine between groups (Fig. 2a). The BAL of mice treated with Lr1505 or Lc431 had significantly greater concentrations of NBT+ cells did that of control mice (Fig. 2b). Moreover, the percentage of NBT+ cells in BAL of the Lc431-treated group was greater than in that of Lr1505-treated mice. Administration of Lr1506 did not induce changes in the percentage of NBT+ cells in BAL (Fig. 2b). Administration of the three lactobacilli significantly increased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic C. albicans strains (Table 1). We observed no differences between the three treatments. In addition, we observed a significant increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice treated with Lc431, Lr1505 or Lr1506, as evidenced by lower survival rates of C. albicans when compared with the control group (Table 1).

We show that IFN-α prevents CD3/CD28-triggered cell death in human naïve and memory CD8+ T cells. This is in agreement with previous experiments both in humans 30, 32, 33 and in mice 13. The reported increased survival seems to be associated with elevated levels of Bcl-xL 32, 34, and with

the prevention of PKC-δ translocation to the nucleus 33. To assess the potential of IFN-α to condition specific Ag-experienced CD8+ T cells, we have examined the effects of IFN-α on CMV-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from healthy CMV carriers. CYC202 datasheet Our data show that the TCR- and/or CD3/CD28-triggered proliferation of CMV-specific cells is diminished by IFN-α. By contrast, exposure to IFN-α during the in vitro expansion enhances IFN-γ production and, to a lesser extent, the cytolytic capabilities of CMV-specific cells. For the in vitro conditioning of Ag-experienced CD8+ T cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy this could be advantageous, but the IFN-α-induced reduction of expansion might be a handicap. As a whole, our selleck chemicals studies show that IFN-α directly communicates with human CD8+ T cells and that the biological effects derived from this stimulation vary depending on the CD8+ T-cell population. Our data provide important information to understand and

improve IFN-α-based therapies for viral and malignant diseases. Recombinant human IFN-α2b (Realdiron) and IFN-α5 were from Sicor Biotech UAB (Vilnius, Lithuania). Both IFN were produced following GMP requirements and contained ≤5.8 IU of endotoxins/mg of protein (Gel Clot G protein-coupled receptor kinase method), ≤1.2 ng of host-cell-derived proteins/mg of total protein (ELISA) and ≤25 pg of host-cell- and vector-derived DNA/mg of protein (real-time PCR). The antiviral activity of IFN-α2b and IFN-α5 was 1.66 108 and 1.01 108 IU/mg of protein, respectively. PBL were eluted from leukocyte filters provided by the blood Bank of Navarra (Spain). UCBMC were isolated by repeated centrifugation of cordon blood cells and treatment with Ammonium-chloride lysing buffer until almost complete lysis of erythrocytes. All

blood and UCBMC donors gave written informed consent (Ethics Committee from the University Clinic of Navarra 007/2007 and 013/2009). For purification of CD8+CD45RO− cells, PBL were labeled with the human CD8+ T-cell Isolation kit-II (Miltenyi) and sorted in an autoMACS Separator (DEPLETEs). Purified total CD8+T cells (≥75% of purity) were labeled again as before and then with anti-CD45RO microbeads (Miltenyi). Cells were sorted once more (DEPLETEs) (purity of CD3+CD8+CD45RO− cells ≥95%). For purification of different CD8+ T-cell subsets, purified total CD8+ T cells were stained with the biotin mAb cocktail for CD8+ T-cell isolation (Miltenyi) and then with anti-CD27-FITC (M-T271), anti-CD45RA-PECy5 (HI100) mAb and Streptavidine-PE (to gate out contaminating non-CD8+ T cells).

Pathological examination revealed that the resection edge of the extradural component consisted of a spinal nerve with thickened epineurium and was free of neoplastic cells. No schwannoma component was evident in the intradural tumor. No obvious transition thus existed between the extra- and intradural tumors. Distinguishing these tumors prior to surgery is critical for determining

an optimal surgical plan, as schwannoma and meningioma require different surgical procedures. We therefore recommend a careful review of preoperative imaging with the possibility of concurrent tumors in mind. “
“M. Paradisi, M. Fernández, G. Del Vecchio, G. Lizzo, G. Marucci, M. Giulioni, selleck inhibitor E. Pozzati, T. Antonelli, G. Lanzoni, G. P. Bagnara, find more L. Giardino and L. Calzà

(2010) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology36, 535–550 Ex vivo study of dentate gyrus neurogenesis in human pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy Aims: Neurogenesis in adult humans occurs in at least two areas of the brain, the subventricular zone of the telencephalon and the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation. We studied dentate gyrus subgranular layer neurogenesis in patients subjected to tailored antero-mesial temporal resection including amygdalohippocampectomy due to pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using the in vitro neurosphere assay. Methods: Sixteen patients were enrolled in the study; mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was present in eight patients. Neurogenesis was investigated by ex vivo neurosphere expansion in the presence Liothyronine Sodium of mitogens (epidermal growth factor + basic fibroblast growth factor) and spontaneous differentiation after mitogen withdrawal. Growth factor synthesis was investigated by qRT-PCR in neurospheres. Results: We demonstrate that in vitro proliferation of cells derived from dentate gyrus of TLE patients is dependent on disease duration.

Moreover, the presence of MTS impairs proliferation. As long as in vitro proliferation occurs, neurogenesis is maintained, and cells expressing a mature neurone phenotype (TuJ1, MAP2, GAD) are spontaneously formed after mitogen withdrawal. Finally, formed neurospheres express mRNAs encoding for growth (vascular endothelial growth factor) as well as neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor). Conclusion: We demonstrated that residual neurogenesis in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus in TLE is dependent on diseases duration and absent in MTS. “
“A polymorphous variant of oligodendroglioma was described by K.J. Zülch half a century ago, and is only very sporadically referred to in the subsequent literature. In particular, no comprehensive analysis with respect to clinical or genetic features of these tumors is available.