J Exp Bot 56:389–393PubMedCrossRef Nedbal L, Trtílek M, Kaftan D (1999) Flash fluorescence induction: a novel method to study regulation of Photosystem II. J Photochem Photobiol B 48:154–157CrossRef Neubauer C, Schreiber U (1987) The polyphasic rise of chlorophyll fluorescence upon onset of strong continuous illumination: I. Saturation characteristics and partial control by the photosystem II acceptor side. Z Naturforsch 42c:1246–1254 Nishiyama Y, Allakhverdiev SI, Murata N (2006) A new paradigm for the action of reactive oxygen species in the photoinhibition of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys

Acta 1757:742–749PubMedCrossRef find more Oguchi R, Douwstra P, Fujita T, Chow WS, Terashima I (2011) Intra-leaf gradients of photoinhibition induced by different https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Lapatinib-Ditosylate.html color lights: implications for the dual mechanisms of photoinhibition and for the application of conventional chlorophyll fluorometers. New Phytol 191:146–159PubMedCrossRef Ohnishi N, Allakhverdiev

SI, Takahashi S, Higashi S, Watanabe M, Nishiyama Y, Murata N (2005) Two-step mechanism of photodamage to photosystem II: step 1 occurs at the oxygen-evolving complex and step 2 occurs at the photochemical reaction center. Biochemistry 44:8494–8499PubMedCrossRef Osmond CB (1981) Photorespiration and photoinhibition. Some implications for the energetics of photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 639:77–98CrossRef Osmond CB (1994) What is photoinhibition? Some insights from comparisons of shade and sun plants. In: Baker N, Bowyer JR (eds) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp 1–24 Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) (2004) Chlorophyll

fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis. Springer, Dordrecht Pirson A, Ruppel HG (1962) Über die induktion einer teilungshemmung in synchronen Kulturen von Chlorella. Arch Mikrobiol 42:499–505 Platt T, Gallegos CL, Harrison WG (1980) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton. J Marine Res 38:687–701 Ralph PJ, Gademann R (2005) Rapid light curves: a powerful tool to Selleckchem Docetaxel assess photosynthetic activity. Aquat Bot 82:222–237CrossRef Ralph PJ, Gademann R, Larkum AWD, Schreiber U (1999) In situ underwater measurements of photosynthetic activity of coral zooxanthellae and other reef-dwelling dinoflagellate endosymbionts. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 180:139–147CrossRef Rappaport F, Béal D, Joliot A, Joliot P (2007) On the advantage of using green light to study fluorescence yield changes in leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:56–67PubMedCrossRef Rascher U, Liebig Lüttge (2000) Evaluation of instant light-response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters obtained with a portable chlorophyll fluorometer on site in the field.

Quercetin treatment Rats were supplemented, during the training period, with quercetin (QU995; Quercegen Pharma, Newton, MA, USA) on alternate days at a dose of 25 mg/kg. This dose has been reported to improve mitochondrial biogenesis and endurance capacity in sedentary mice [6]. Quercetin was diluted in a 1% solution of methilcellulose, and was administered

using a metal gavage. Oral gavage was performed to ensure that 25 mg/kg of quercetin was introduced into the stomach. Quercetin also contained vitamins B3 and C, which have LGK-974 nmr been shown to increase the bioavailability of quercetin (personal communication, Quercegen Pharma). The PT and PS groups were also supplemented with methilcellulose and vitamin B3 and C with the same concentration as in QT and QS. Training protocol Trained animals were exercised five days per week during six weeks on a motorized treadmill (Panlab TREADMILLS for five rats LE 8710R).

We followed a modification of the protocol of Davies et al [23]. Animals ran at a constant speed of 44 cm/s and at 10% grade. The first day’s training session was 20-minutes long, and every two days the work period was increased by five minutes. On the last day of the fifth week they were required to run for a full 80 minutes. This work duration was maintained during the sixth week. The untrained group was exercised at the same speed

and grade for only 10 minutes twice per week, in order to ensure that they were able to perform the tests performed at the end of the treatment. Twenty-four hours after the last training this website session, all animals performed a graded high-intensity treadmill test to determine VO2 peak using a treadmill gas analyzer (Model LE405, Panlab/Harvard Apparatus) previously calibrated with mixtures of O2 and CO2 at different concentrations. After an initial two minutes with no grade at 22 cm/s, treadmill speed was increased by 11 cm/s every two minutes. The test was finished when the rat was exhausted and located at the end of the treadmill, on the shock bar, for Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) 5 seconds, when rats were quickly removed [24]. VO2 peak was defined as the highest 20” interval recorded during the test. Blood lactate was measured before and immediately after the test using a Lactate-Pro analyzer, blood was taken from a small cut in the rat’s tail. After twenty-four hours of recovery a low-intensity endurance test was performed. Each rat was required to run to exhaustion at 44 cm/s at a 10% grade. The test finished when the animal was visibly exhausted, not able to maintain the appropriate pace, and this resulted in a rising frequency of landings on the electrical shock grid [24]. The endpoint was marked by the rat’s inability to return to the treadmill belt, and to stand on a flat surface.

Electronic images were auto-leveled and relevant lanes were placed side-by-side using Adobe Photoshop CS3. Micro-array analysis assisted transcript mapping To complement the RT-PCR and Northern analyses, we hybridized Cy3-labeled cDNA synthesized from total RNA isolated from P. knackmussii B13 cultures during exponential growth on 3-chlorobenzoate and during the following stationary phase, to custom-designed semi-tiling microarrays for ICEclc. The semi-tiling array contained a 50-mer probe at approximately every 200 bases over the whole length of ICEclc and for both strands, each in sixfold replicate on the array. We expected that a semi-tiling array format would permit us to map the position of ICEclc transcripts in a complementary

way to the conventional molecular analysis, which would help to reinforce the conclusions drawn on the transcriptional organization of the ICEclc core. Figure 4 shows an overlay selleck screening library of the core gene organization and RT-PCR plus Northern derived transcriptional organization with the average micro-array hybridization signals per probe on the plus- and the minus-strand of the ICEclc core region, whilst Table 1 summarizes the transcript details across all three methods. Very strikingly, most

of the predicted transcripts follow a clear 5′-3′ decrease in signal intensity, the slopes of which were different for each transcript region (see, for example, the region for the long transcript proposed between position 82,000 and 68,000). We think the 5′-3′ decrease in intensity may partially be caused by the fact that more transcripts are formed near the OTX015 datasheet transcription start, which perhaps are incompletely finished, or by preferential 3′-end degradation. This effect has been noted by others using tiling

approaches for transcript determination [28]. Different slopes may be the result of varying mRNA stability and processing speed. Figure 4 Transcriptome of the ICE clc core region. Shown is a compilation of micro-array hybridizations with minus- (top image) and plus-strand located probes (bottom image), both for exponential (yellow squares and blue circles) and stationary phase cultures (dark squares and pink circles). Data points are mean hybridization signals (on log2-scale) from six replicate probes per array, averaged over three replicate arrays.). X-axes, position numbering on ICEclc. Middle Roflumilast part, representation of the gene locations in the ICEclc core region (block arrows), and the size and position of the transcripts concluded from RT-PCR and Northerns (Figure 1-3). Table 1 Summary of ICEclc core transcripts. Transcript Stranda Size on Northernb RT-PCRc Promoterd Log2 Stat-Expo Ratioe intB13 + 2.5 + 102,729 (Pcirc) 3.1 ± 1.0 ORF50240 – ND (1.8) ND   1.6 ± 0.6 52324-53196 + 1.5 (1.2) + 51,218 -1.2 ± 0.4 53587-58432 – 4.7 (5.3) + 58,771 4.2 ± 1.4 59110-62755 – 3.5 (4.0) + 63,191 2.6 ± 1.3 63176-66202 – 3.5 (3.4) + 66,976 2.3 ± 1.7 66625-67231 – ND (1.0) + 67,610 5.8 ± 2.2 67800 + 2.

03 (0) 13.3 (4.6)/0.25 (0) 8 (0)/0.16 (.08) 13.3 (4.6)/0.042 (.014) 16 (0)/4 (0) 6.6 (2.3)/6.6 (2.3) 8 (0)/0.16 (.08) 8 (0)/067 (.29) 2.6 (1.1)/0.42 (.14) 8 (0)/0.5 (0) 6.6 (2.3)/2 (0) 6.6 (2.3)/0.16 (0) 8 (0)/0.16 (.08) Tetracycline Determination of the chemosusceptibility of H. pylori strains

to polysorbate 80 used in association with clarithromycin or metronidazole The combination of polysorbate 80 with metronidazole increased the size of the growth inhibition halos (Figure 1); around the disk OSI-906 in vivo containing polysorbate 80, a minimal halo of complete inhibition of growth, ~1 mm, can be seen. Subculture tests showed the presence of another halo of about 4 mm contains developed dead bacteria. GSI-IX price The same effect was observed when clarithromycin was assayed alone and with polysorbate 80 (data not shown). Halo sizes around discs charged with polysorbate 80 and amoxicillin, or levofloxacin, or tetracycline were not larger than those obtained with single antibiotics (data not shown). The synergistic effect of the association polysorbate 80/clarithromycin and polysorbate 80/metronidazole was confirmed by

the broth dilution Interleukin-3 receptor tests (Table 2). When used in association, the MBCs of polysorbate 80 decreased by 2–4 times and those of antibiotics by 2–16 times, compared to the respective MBCs of drugs used alone. The effect of the association of polysorbate 80 with amoxicillin, or levofloxacin, or tetracycline was negligible (Table 2). Figure 1 The combination of polysorbate 80 with metronidazole (disc on the right) increases the size of the growth inhibition halo; the disc on the left was charged with metronidazole

alone and the disc at the top with polysorbate 80 alone. TEM analysis of CCUG 17874 and C/M-R2 H. pylori strains treated with polysorbate 80, alone and in association with clarithromycin and metronidazole The ultrastructural characteristics of the two untreated strains appeared different from each other. CCUG 17874 H. pylori organisms showed homogeneous cytoplasm and rare detachment membrane/cytoplasm (Table 3, Figure 2A); ~ 5% of cells presented an altered profile. C/M-R2 organisms showed homogeneous cytoplasm and vesicles (Figure 2B). In both strains, flagella have been observed (Table 3). Table 3 Approximate percentages of organisms showing ultrastructural alterations observed in two H.

Hoff et al. (2008) suggested in their study of P. chrysogenum that closely related species could be mating types of the same biological species. However, no differences in extrolite patterns and phenotype could be observed in isolates R788 datasheet of different mating types of Paecilomyces variotii (Houbraken et al. 2008, Samson et al. 2009). Furthermore, our studies showed that

the two mating types discovered in Aspergillus fumigatus (O’Gorman et al. 2009) and Penicillium chrysogenum (Hoff et al. 2008) produced the same pattern of extrolites and are identical in their phenotype (Houbraken, Samson and Frisvad, unpublished data). In case of P. subericola we have observed differences in both growth patterns and extrolite production and hence the description of a new species is warranted. The cork isolates now classified as P. glabrum species showed a high intraspecific variability. The macro- and micromorphologies, extrolites profiles and results of the sequencing of partial regions of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes supported that variability. If the results were analyzed separately (e.g. the extrolite profile and β-tubulin sequencing) Temsirolimus supplier probably some of them could indicate the existence of at least two different species. The analysis of more isolates of this species isolated from different sources and from different geographic locations is needed to determine species boundaries in P. glabrum and related species. Penicillium subericola

Baretto, Frisvad & Samson, sp. nov.—Mycobank MB 517383 – Fig. 4. Penicillio glabro simile, sed bene crescenti in agaro creatino et formatione mixtionis chemicae obscurae (sed in P. glabro non producenti) distinguitur. Culture ex type: CBS 125096, ex raw cork, Portugal Colony diameters at 7 days in mm: CYA at 25 º C: 37–44; CYA at 30°C: 16–34; CYA at 37°C: no growth; MEA 35–42; YES 39–46; CREA

14–26, moderate to good growth with moderate to good acid production, base production after prolonged incubation (14 days). Good sporulation on CYA, grey-green, velvety and floccose in centre, non sporulating margins 1–6 mm, few small hyaline exudates droplets present, reverse colour cream to brownish. Colonies on MEA grey-green, good sporulation, floccose some isolates with velvety colonies and/or PIK3C2G velvety with floccose in the centre, exudate absent, reverse is orange brown. Colonies on YES in various shades of green-grey, none or weak sporulation, mycelium inconspicuous, white margins with 1–2 mm, exudates absent, reverse orange-brown to yellow-brown, strongly sulcated (wrinkled). Conidiophores strictly monoverticillate, stipes vesiculate up to 6 μm, smooth, occasionally short 40 μm, majority longer, width 3.0–4.0, vesicles 4.5–7.0 μm, phialides flask shaped, 10–14 × 2.0–3.0 μm, conidia globose, finely roughened, 3–3.5 μm. Extrolites: asperfuran, deoxybrevianamide E and unidentified compounds which are indols with an extended chromophore similar to penitremone.

A small part (bases from position

1 to 1238) of the JG004 genome has a twice to three times higher coverage by sequence reads compared to the rest of the genome (Additional file 2, Figure S1). This high coverage could be either an artifact of 454 sequencing or it indicates that this region might be present in multiple copies in the genome as a repetitive sequence. One possible arrangement buy ZD1839 could be a linear genome, which is flanked with the genome region (bases from 1 to 1238) at both ends. This is supported by the identification of 116 reads, which start exactly at the same position (position 1 in our submitted sequence; Additional file 2, Figure S2). Also, at the end of this part (position 1238), Selleckchem BKM120 we identified 55 sequence reads which all stop at the same position indicating the endpoint of a linear genome (Additional file 2, Figure S3). This data suggests that the 1238 bp fragment is present at the beginning and the end of the genome. To verify whether this part of the genome is present in one or multiple copies and to assess the chromosomal structure, we amplified this part of the genome by PCR using primers

which bind outside of the putative repetitive sequence at the respective 5′ and 3′-flanking regions. Assuming a circular genome we amplified the region using a primer which binds at position 1279 (primer 2; Additional file 2, Figure S4) and one primer which binds at position 92971 (primer 5; Additional file 2, Figure S4). Both primers generated a PCR product of 1300 bp, which corresponds to only one copy of the genome region 1 to 1238, confirming the 454 sequence data (Additional file 2, Figure S4). Moreover, we sequenced the PCR product and again confirmed the 454 sequence data. This Dichloromethane dehalogenase result only indicates that the JG004

genome does not contain two consecutive copies of the putative repetitive sequence. The investigation of the linearity of the JG004 genome following treatment with exonuclease Bal31 [19], which degrades only double-stranded linear DNA, gave inconsistent results for the genome of JG004. We decided to integrate only one copy of the region from position 1 to 1238. Annotation of the JG004 sequence identified 161 putative coding sequences and a GC content of 49.26% (Table 2; Additional file 1, Table S1). The general characteristics of the phage genome are summarized in Table 2. Table 2 General features of the JG004 genome Feature Genome JG004 Genome size 93,017 bp G+C content (G+C content host) 49,26% (68%) No. of predicted CDSs 161 Predicted tRNAs tRNAGlu; tRNAPhe; tRNAGly; tRNAPro; tRNAAsn; tRNACys; tRNAAsp; tRNAIle; tRNALeu; tRNALys; tRNAArg; tRNAGln % of genome with non-coding regions 11.3% The presence of genes coding for tRNAs was investigated using the tool tRNAscan-SE 1.21 [20]. With this software, we were able to identify twelve tRNAs in the genome of JG004, which are summarized in Table 2 and Additional file 1, Table S1.

This study shows that Candida albicans RAD54 and Candida albicans RDH54 are not

essential genes. This is similar to deletion mutants of other homologous recombination genes such as MRE11, RAD50 and RAD52 [12, 29]. Nonetheless, the rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain gave an aberrant colony morphology that suggested both a slower cell division time and checkpoint arrest to give lethal sectoring and a jagged colony edge. In contrast, the rdh54Δ/rdh54Δ strain grew with wildtype morphology and kinetics. Determination of cell cycle division times verified the slow growth phenotype of the rad54Δ/rad54Δ GDC-0068 mw strain while the heterozygous and reconstructed rad54Δ/RAD54 strains grew with wildtype kinetics. Examination of individual cells corroborated the aberrant morphology and slower cell cycle time. The rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain accumulated cells with a pseudohyphal shape during log phase growth. DAPI staining of cells showed that nuclear division was aberrant, with the pseudohyphal cells often having one elongated DAPI-staining body. Additionally, the rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain had an excess of doublet (large-budded)

cells with a single nucleus at the bud neck. This phenotype is suggestive of a checkpoint arrest AZD0530 ic50 and a defect in chromosome segregation. Interestingly, the aberrant morphology of the rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain also extends to growth on Spider medium. The rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain was defective in invasion of Spider agar when compared to the wildtype and reconstructed strains (data not shown), perhaps due to the altered morphology of the cells. It is noted that this aberrant growth phenotype occurs in response to spontaneous damage. While diploid homozygous homologous

recombination mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow slower than wildtype diploids, they do not show aberrant colony morphology. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad54Δ/rad54Δ rdh54Δ/rdh54Δ mutant shows an aberrant colony morphology similar to the Candida albicans rad54Δ/rad54Δ strain but is more extreme [14]. Attempts to make a Candida albicans rad54Δ/rad54Δ rdh54Δ/rdh54Δ double mutant were unsuccessful, suggesting that the double mutant may be lethal or grows extremely poorly. Homozygous deletions of RAD54 in chicken DT40 cells [30, 31], mouse [32], and Drosophila [33] have resulted in sensitivity to ionizing radiation, MMS and crosslinking agents Fenbendazole and defective meiosis, but have only a modest effect on cell growth, if discernible at all. We assessed MMS sensitivity to determine the importance of the homologous recombination genes in DNA damage repair and found, similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that Candida albicans RAD54 is extremely important for MMS damage repair and that Candida albicans RDH54 had no discernible role in MMS damage repair. As FLC susceptibility has been linked to homologous recombination deficiency in Candida albicans, we determined the FLC susceptibility of the rad54Δ/rad54Δ and rdh54Δ/rdh54Δ strains.

Stricturoplasty is a simple procedure originally described by Katariya and his colleagues in Chandigarh India in 1977 [54]. The procedure has become widely popular and is being practiced all over the world. It has also been tried in Crohn’s disease, with the same usefulness [55]. The procedure is simple, quicker, less traumatic and applicable anywhere from pylorus to ileocaecal junction. The procedure can also be

undertaken in active lesions [56]. However, this procedure was not popular in our study because the majority of our patients had very extensive local disease with long and multiple strictures and only option was either right hemicolectomy with ileo-transverse anastomosis or by segmental bowel resection with end to end Volasertib molecular weight anastomosis. Anti-tuberculous therapy was prescribed in all the tubercular patients postoperatively. The presence of complications has an impact on the final outcome of patients presenting with tuberculous intestinal obstruction. In keeping with other studies [32, 36], surgical site infection was the most common postoperative complications in the present study. High rate of surgical site infection in the present study may be attributed to HIV seropositivity and low CD 4 count. The overall median duration of hospital stay in the present study was 24 days which is higher than that reported by other authors [20,

25, 35, 36]. www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html This can be explained by the presence of large number of patients with postoperative complications in our study. However, due to the poor socio-economic conditions in Tanzania, the duration of inpatient stay for our patients

may be longer than expected. The overall mortality rate in this study was 22.7% and it was significantly associated with delayed presentation, HIV positivity, low CD 4 count, high ASA class and presence of complications. Addressing these factors responsible for high mortality in our patients is mandatory to be able to reduce mortality associated with this disease. Self discharge by patient against medical advice is a recognized problem in our setting. Similarly, poor follow up visits after discharge from hospitals remain a cause for concern. These issues are often the Thymidine kinase results of poverty, long distance from the hospitals and ignorance. Delayed presentation, delayed histopathological confirmation of tuberculous bowel obstruction and the large number of loss to follow up were the major limitations in this study. However, despite these limitations, the study has provided local data that can be utilized by health care providers to plan for preventive strategies as well as establishment of management guidelines for these patients. The challenges identified in the management of patients with tuberculous bowel obstruction in our environment need to be addressed, in order to deliver optimal care for these patients.

1997; Moya et al. 2001). The fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence technique uses a unique protocol to measure variable fluorescence. Instead of measuring fluorescence before and during a multiple turnover saturating light pulse, a sequence of rapidly fired sub-saturating flashlets

is used to completely reduce the QA pool. Because of the short duration of the flashlet sequence (about 280 μs), a fluorescence induction curve is measured within effectively a single PSII turnover event. From the kinetics of rise from F 0 to F m , Roxadustat cell line the functional absorption cross section σPSII is calculated as well as the connectivity parameter p. The functional absorption cross section of PSII describes the efficiency of light utilisation of open PSII units and is equal to the product of the PSII efficiency and the optical cross section of PSII (Kolber and Falkowski 1993; Kolber et al. 1998). From preliminary studies we obtained evidence https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html that the marine chlorophyte D. tertiolecta might possess some unique photoprotective features. Therefore, the current study presents observations on a unique, PF-dependent and rapid NPQ down-regulation upon light exposure in the marine chlorophyte D. tertiolecta, in order to get a better understanding of the photoprotective mechanisms activated upon exposure to high irradiances.

Materials and methods Culture conditions Continuous cultures of Dunaliella teriolecta (Butcher 1959) (CSIRO strain CS-175) were grown in a flat-faced 1.6 l glass vessel (approximately

5 cm light path) under constant aeration, and irradiance (100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, 400 W Philips high pressure HPIT E40 lamp) at 18°C. Cells were kept in a stable physiological state by means of continuous dilution (flow rate 64 ml/h, giving a dilution rate of ~0.95 day−1) with fresh F/2 enriched seawater medium (pH 8.2) at a cell density of 7.6 ± 1 × 105 cells/ml and a pH Ergoloid of 8.7 ± 0.2 inside the culture vessel. A Coulter Counter (model ZM connected to a Coulter Multisizer, Beckman Coulter) was used to measure cell concentrations. Before measurement, cells were washed by gentle centrifugation and re-suspension of the pellet in fresh medium (pH 8.2) at a similar cell concentration as under growth conditions. Dark acclimation prior to measurement never exceeded 2 h. FRRF measurements Variable chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using a Fast Repetition Rate fluorometer (FRRF) (FastTracka-I, Chelsea Technology Group Ltd, UK). For a general description of a FRR fluorometer and FRRF theory see, e.g. Kolber and Falkowski (1993) and Kolber et al. (1998). A flashlet sequence (5 replicates, saturation flash length 1.1 μs and saturation flash period 2.8 μs) was applied every 13 s. Although the intensity of the individual flashlets is sub-saturating due to their short interval, the overall photon flux (~30.000 μmol photons m−2 s−1) is highly saturating.

We determined find more the levels of RABEX-5 transcript in samples from prostate cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our data reveal that RABEX-5 mRNA levels in the prostate cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (Figure 1). Figure 1 Identification of upregulated RABEX-5 mRNA expression in prostate cancer tissues compared with its adjacent non-cancerous tissues by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The data reveal that RABEX-5 mRNA levels in the prostate cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in

the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.05). Relationship between RABEX-5 mRNA expression and prostate cancer patients’ clinicopathological variables The annotation of 180 prostate cancer patients includes clinical outcomes, and in particular survival and biochemical recurrence data, so we cross-checked these data with RABEX-5 mRNA expression levels. The 180 prostate cancer samples were subdivided into two groups with respectively low or high www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html amounts of RABEX-5 mRNA. These

groups were stratified by the median value. In our prostate cancer cohort, the relationship between the expression of RABEX-5 mRNA and patient clinical and pathological characteristics was shown in Table 1. High expression of RABEX-5 mRNA was found to significantly correlate with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), clinical stage (P = 0.004), preoperative prostate-specific antigen (P < 0.001), biochemical recurrence (P = 0.009), and Gleason score (P < 0.001). No significant difference in RABEX-5 mRNA expression was observed with age, surgical margin status, seminal vesicle invasion, and angiolymphatic invasion (P > 0.05). Table 1 Main characteristics of studies included in this meta-analysis     RABEX-5 mRNA expression   Variable Group Meloxicam High Low Total P value Age         0.052   <70 55

(56.7%) 42 (43.3%) 97     ≥70 35 (42.2%) 48 (57.8%) 83   Lymph node metastasis         0.001   Absence 75 (46.0%) 88(54.0%) 163     Presence 15 (88.2%) 2 (11.8%) 17   Surgical margin status         0.578   Absence 82 (49.4%) 84 (50.6%) 166     Presence 8 (57.1%) 6 (42.9%) 14   Seminal vesicle invasion         0.851   Absence 73 (50.3%) 72 (49.7%) 145     Presence 17 (48.6%) 18 (51.4%) 35   Clinical stage         0.004   T1 42 (40.8%) 61 (59.2%) 103     T2/T3 48 (62.3%) 29 (37.7%) 77   Preoperative PSA         < 0.001   <4 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 5     4-10 20 (31.3%) 44 (68.7%) 64     >10 69 (62.2%) 42 (37.9%) 111   Gleason score             <7 29 (29.3%) 70 (70.7%) 99 <0.001   7 22 (64.7%) 18 (35.3%) 34     >7 39 (83.0%) 8 (17.0%) 47   Angiolymphatic invasion         0.346   Absence 75 (51.7%) 70 (48.3%) 145     Presence 15(42.9%) 20 (57.1%) 35   Biochemical recurrence         0.009   Absence 56 (43.8%) 72 (56.2%) 128     Presence 34 (65.4%) 18 (34.