Por outro lado, os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 não foram um preditor da presença de hHcys. É importante sublinhar que as reservas de vitamina B12 são geralmente suficientes

para 3‐4 anos, mesmo que todas a fontes desta vitamina sejam suprimidas o que poderá explicar, em parte, o reduzido número de doentes com défice de vitamina B12 no presente estudo. Uma associação entre a presença de hHcys e os níveis elevados de proteína C reativa foi previamente reportada numa série de 106 doentes com DII30. No entanto, no nosso estudo não foi encontrada nenhuma associação entre a hHcys e este marcador bioquímico de inflamação, sendo este achado corroborado por outros estudos31. Os aminossalicilatos têm sido implicados na má absorção de ácido fólico e hHcys em doentes com DII32. No presente estudo não se observou qualquer efeito check details do tratamento (aminossalicilatos, corticosteroides, azatioprina, biológico) nos níveis de homocisteína. No nosso estudo, a idade jovem foi apenas um preditor marginalmente significativo da presença de hHcys. A relação entre a idade e os níveis de homocisteína foi previamente reportada Y 27632 em

outros estudos20 and 33, no entanto, o verdadeiro mecanismo subjacente a esta alteração não se encontra definido na literatura. Vários fatores poderão estar subjacentes a estes achados, nomeadamente o consumo de álcool, o tabagismo e os diferentes padrões de ingestão alimentar. O tabagismo tem uma conhecida associação com níveis elevados de homocisteína séria34 and 35 e com a ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos. No presente estudo, o tabagismo foi um fator associado com a presença de hHcys (p < 0,001). Vários mecanismos poderiam explicar o aumento do risco tromboembólico

filipin em fumadores com hHcys. Fumar interfere com múltiplos mecanismos vaso‐oclusivos, tais como a agregação plaquetária, a viscosidade do plasma e os níveis de fibrinogénio36. Também a hHcys tem sido associada com alterações da função endotelial e do fluxo sanguíneo37 and 38. O fato de ambos os fatores de risco poderem exercer efeitos semelhantes, sugere um forte potencial de interação entre eles no sentido de produzir dano vascular. Estudos retrospetivos demonstraram 1,3‐6,4% de complicações tromboembólicas em doentes com DII1 and 23. No nosso estudo encontramos uma alta prevalência (5/47; 10,6%) de eventos tromboembólicos neste grupo de doentes, no entanto, não foi observada uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre a presença de complicações tromboembólicas e os níveis séricos de homocisteína. Apesar da elevada prevalência de eventos tromboembólicos na nossa população em estudo, o número de casos foi ainda pequeno para fornecer conclusões seguras, embora se encontre descrito que elevados níveis de homocisteína podem predispor os doentes com DII para complicações tromboembólicas em combinação com outros fatores de risco circunstanciais ou permanentemente existentes39.

T cell stimulator cells expressing IWR 1 membrane-bound anti-CD3 antibodies at a high density induced moderate proliferation in human T cells even in the absence of human costimulatory molecules and as expected T cells activated with stimulator cells harbouring high levels of anti-CD3 in combination with human CD80 showed the highest proliferative response (Fig. 1C). To visualize the interaction of human T cells and stimulator cells, we performed co-culture experiments using CFSE-labeled T cells and CMTMR-labeled stimulator cells. Large clusters of T cells and stimulator cells expressing

CD80 can be observed whereas much smaller clusters are formed when T cells were activated by stimulator cells expressing anti-CD3 but no human costimulatory molecule

(Fig. 1D). T cell stimulator cells transduced to express different costimulatory molecules are excellent tools to compare these ligands regarding DAPT price their capacity to activate human T cells. We have generated stimulator cell lines retrovirally expressing different costimulatory molecules at high levels (Fig. 2). The resultant cell lines were used to stimulate purified T cells isolated from different healthy donors and T cell proliferation was assessed. As shown in Fig. 2B stimulation of human T cells in the presence of the costimulatory molecules used in this study (CD80, ICOSL, CD58, CD54 and 4-1BBL) significantly enhanced T cell proliferation compared to T cells co-cultured with stimulator cells expressing no human costimulatory molecule. Furthermore, our data show that CD80 was

the strongest costimulatory ligand tested in these experiments and demonstrate that among the other molecules analyzed CD58 is the most potent inducer of T cell proliferation. There is an increasing number of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs for treatment of patients suffering from autoimmune diseases and recipients of hematopoietic stem cells or solid organs. Many of these drugs target fast dividing cells whereas others specifically suppress T cells or counteract inflammatory processes. Antibodies or receptor fusion proteins that block the cytokine TNF-α are successfully used in patients suffering from psoriasis, rheumatoid Lumacaftor chemical structure arthritis and various other autoimmune diseases (Aringer and Smolen, 2008, Bosani et al., 2009 and Taylor and Feldmann, 2009). TNF-α is a pleiotrophic cytokine and the beneficial effects of TNF-α blockade are mainly ascribed to its capacity to prevent and down-modulate proinflammatory processes. Whereas other members of the TNF-family have been shown to act as potent costimulatory molecules, few studies have addressed the ability of TNF-α to directly contribute to T cell activation processes. We found that expressing TNF-α on T cell stimulator cells enhances their ability to induce proliferation in purified human T cells (Fig. 3A).

Both ANP and BNP are abundantly expressed in the heart and are secreted mainly from the atria and ventricles, respectively.

However, CNP is mainly expressed in the central nervous system, bone and vasculature (Nishikime et al., 2010 and Tobias, 2011). Classically, the clearance of all NPs is carried out by NPR-C and by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP); both of PI3K signaling pathway these proteins are widely expressed in the kidneys, lungs and vascular walls (Chen and Burnett, 2006). The three mammalian NPs have been extensively investigated for use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Over almost 30 years of research, NPs have been found in mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and in plants. Recently, they have also been found in bacteria (Vink et al., 2010). The first natriuretic peptide isolated from animal venoms was a vasorelaxant peptide. This 38 amino acid residue peptide was isolated from green mamba venom and named dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP). Many natriuretic peptides have subsequently been isolated from snake venoms, including Brazilian snakes, such as Crotalus durissus cascavella ( Evangelista et al., 2008), Bothrops jararaca ( Higuchi et al., 1999), Bothrops 5-FU supplier moojeni ( Menin et al., 2008) and Lachesis muta ( Soares et al., 2005). Many genes encoding C-type natriuretic peptides have also been described ( Harvey,

2006). Scorpion venoms are rich sources of small peptide toxins. However, no natriuretic peptides have been isolated from scorpion venom thus far. However, a new family of peptides, called hypotensins, has been isolated from the venom of the yellow scorpion, Tityus serrulatus. These toxins share a similar amino acid signature with the bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) found in snake venoms ( Verano-Braga et al., 2008 and Verano-Braga et al., 2010). In snakes, BPPs and CNP are encoded by the same gene ( Assakura et al., 2000). This work describes the isolation, sequencing and tridimensional homology modeling of the first C-type natriuretic peptide from scorpion venom. Its effects on the

renal function of rats and the mRNA expression of the natriuretic peptide receptors in the kidneys were also evaluated. T. serrulatus venom was acquired from the Instituto Butantan (São Paulo, Brazil). All salts and reagents were of analytical grade Tau-protein kinase and were obtained from certified suppliers. Crude T. serrulatus venom (35 mg) was dissolved in 1.0 mL of ammonium bicarbonate buffer (1 M, pH 8.0). The solution was centrifuged at 4500 × g for 10 min and the supernatant was filtered with a 0.22 μm PVDF filter membrane. Then, 300 μL of the venom solution was loaded onto a Superdex® Gel Filtration Column Peptide HR10/300 GL coupled in a semi preparative Jasco HPLC system (Easton, MD, USA). This column was equilibrated with ammonium bicarbonate buffer (0.25 M, pH 7.8) for 40 min before sample application.

The spoken word ‘kipi’ or ‘moma’ (400 msec in duration) was presented

550 msec after the onset of the visual stimulus. Infants passively saw and heard the stimuli. An attention-getter was presented in one fourth of the trials (randomly selected) to regularly reinforce the infants’ attention towards the display. The EEGs were continuously recorded from silver–silver chloride electrodes attached to an elastic electrode cap. EEG data were recorded at 11 electrode sites: F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, and left and right mastoids (A1, A2). The ground electrode was placed at FPz. Electrode click here impedances were kept mostly below 10 kΩ. The EEG activity was amplified with Neuroscan SynAmps2, digitized online at a rate of 1 kHz, and filtered on-line (bandpass between .1 and 200 Hz). The EEG was re-referenced to the average of left and right mastoid channels (A1, A2). Artifact rejection was performed based on the criteria used in the ERP analyses (see section 2.5.2). There was a minimum of 21 valid epochs per condition in every infant participant (mean: 47.6 epochs in the match condition and 46.7 epochs in the mismatch condition). Epochs ranged from −2000 to 1500 msec after

the auditory onset. To estimate local brain networks, we extracted amplitude of oscillations in each frequency band (Herrmann et al., 2004 and Schneider et al., 2008). It was extracted by using the wavelet transform at the target frequency (f) ( Lachaux et al., 2000). The frequency ranged GPX6 from 2 Hz to 45 Hz in 1 Hz steps. To avoid problems due to the sample size bias, for each infant, the number of epochs was made the same for the match and mismatch conditions by randomly selecting the find more same number of epochs. EEG signal s(t) was convolved with the complex Morlet’s wavelet defined by: w(t,f)=fexp(−t2/2σt2)exp(i2πft),as a function of time (t) and frequency

(f). The Morlet wavelet is characterized solely by σt, which sets the number of cycles of the wavelet: nco = 6fσt. We chose nco to be 8 ( Lachaux et al., 2000). To detect auditory event-related changes in amplitude, we first computed the instantaneous amplitude of EEG signal from electrode n by deriving the length of the convolved signal as follows: Ant=|wt,f*snt|.Ant=|wt,f*snt|. Next, we averaged the instantaneous amplitude An(t) across all trials and obtained averaged amplitude AMPn(t). Finally, we standardized the averaged amplitude relative to the pre-stimulus baseline period (600 msec–100 msec before the visual onset) for each electrode and frequency. Standardized amplitude values for each time point t [AMPz(t)], were computed as follows: AMPz(t)=AMP(t)−AMPBmeanAMPBsdwhere AMPBmean and AMPBsd are, respectively, the mean and standard deviation of the AMPs computed from the baseline period at each frequency. The resulting index, AMPz, indicates standardized changes in the direction of increased amplitude (positive values) or decreased amplitude (negative values).

Water saturation shift referencing (WASSR) [28] Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library concentration is one of the most commonly used techniques to

correct for this shift; however, the method requires extra scans possibly before and after the CEST imaging. Using a model-based approach eliminates the additional scan(s) required because the shift can be determined directly from the collected spectrum as part of the model fitting [29]. Performing model-based quantitative analysis of the CEST effect for CW-CEST is simple and is generally achieved using the analytical solution to the Bloch–McConnell equations. However, CW-CEST is not feasible in clinical applications due to specific absorption rate (SAR) and hardware limitations, making pulsed-CEST the only viable irradiation scheme for clinical translation currently. CT99021 cost Finding the proton MR behavior in response to time varying RF power as present in the pulsed-CEST scheme for model-based analysis is time consuming because the solution to the Bloch–McConnell equations must be arrived at either using a numerical differential equation solver or discretizing the pulses into a series of short continuous RF segments. In the latter case, referred to here as the discretization method, the individual segments are solved using the simple analytical solution

for CW-CEST with the magnetization being propagated through each of the segments, the final values from one segment serving as the initial conditions for the next one [25] and [30]. Due to the combination of the repeated calculations required in the discretization method and the multiple iterations within the optimization used for model-based strategy, the analysis of pulsed-CEST is often much slower than its continuous counterpart. Hence, pulsed-CEST is often treated as CW-CEST by finding the equivalent

average field (AF) [31] and [32] or power (AP) [33] of the pulse train to perform the analysis using the faster solution to the Bloch–McConnell equations under continuous saturation. Tacrolimus (FK506) Recently, studies have shown that a continuous approximation (both AF and AP) produces narrower off-resonance excitations when compared with pulsed saturation [33] and that the CESTR is different for pulsed-CEST and CW-CEST when the exchange rate is more than 50 s−1[30]. These raise the issue whether pulsed-CEST can be analyzed via the equivalent CW-CEST or a discretization method must be used. In this study, the differences in the z-spectra from a pulsed-CEST experiment and the equivalent continuous (AF and AP) approximation are examined using simulations to determine the validity of the latter for the analysis of pulsed-CEST data. Additionally, model-based quantitative analysis of pulsed-CEST data from a tissue-like phantom using the continuous approximation and discretization methods are compared.

Strasbourg, 1997) il retrace l’histoire de la médecine du travail en Alsace. Atteint par la limite d’âge il prend sa retraite en 1986 ; il est alors professeur titulaire à titre personnel, praticien hospitalier en médecine du Travail. J. Mehl était officier des Palmes académiques, Chevalier dans l’ordre national du Mérite, Chevalier dans l’ordre national de la Légion

d’Honneur (au titre du ministère du Travail). Sur le plan militaire il aura passé quatre années sous les drapeaux ; sa carrière commencée en 1939 comme soldat dans une Section d’infirmiers militaires s’est poursuivie comme fantassin pour reprendre après la Libération, cette fois cependant en qualité de médecin lieutenant, et s’achever dans la réserve avec le grade de médecin principal (médecin commandant) honoraire en 1980 ». Contrairement à la tradition, le texte que vous venez de lire n’a

pas été rédigé check details par l’un de ses élèves, mais par le Pr J. Mehl lui-même ! En effet, en janvier 1999, j’ai reçu une lettre de J. Mehl contenant cette revue nécrologique accompagné d’un mot disant : « ma femme disait que quand je mourrais je laisserais derrière moi du travail que j’aurais fait par avance…C’est sans doute la raison pour laquelle je vous adresse mon CV… Toutefois je souhaite que vous n’ayez pas à vous en servir trop vite… ». C’est avec tristesse que j’ai sorti ce courrier de mes archives. Avec la disparition de J. Mehl, click here qui était le président d’honneur du Comité scientifique, notre revue perd le doyen de ses collaborateurs. Il faut souligner que pendant

plus de 50 ans, il a travaillé, dans l’ombre, au maintien de la qualité des « Archives » notamment en relisant avec assiduité de multiples articles GNAT2 et d’innombrables épreuves d’imprimerie. À titre personnel, je le remercie de m’avoir fait part de son expérience lorsque je suis arrivé à la direction de la revue ; ses conseils m’ont été précieux et toujours délivrés avec prudence et surtout une extrême gentillesse. J. Mehl était resté très affecté par le décès de sa femme il y a quelques années et la maladie ne l’a pas épargné à la fin de sa vie ; malgré tout il continuait à se tenir au courant et était toujours au fait de l’actualité de la profession. Je terminerai en citant la réflexion du Pr F. Conso à l’annonce de ce décès et qui reflète parfaitement la personnalité de J. Mehl : « il m’a laissé le souvenir d’un homme courtois, soucieux de l’avis d’autrui et connaissant en profondeur de nombreux sujets : c’était un « sage » de la discipline ». La Rédaction adresse à sa famille et plus particulièrement à ses neveux et nièces, dont il parlait souvent, ses plus sincères condoléances. P. Hadengue On consulte le médecin-traitant, on est convoqué chez le médecin du travail ».

Conversely, the constant activation of p53 consecutive to ribosomal stress induced by RPS20 mutation could favor, in the long run, the selection of cells that escape regulation by p53. In summary, we

show that inactivating germline mutation of RPS20 is associated with a dominant predisposition to colorectal cancer. This report links germline mutation of RPS20 to human disease. Future investigations are necessary to establish the prevalence of RPS20 mutations in FCCX families worldwide as well as the exact tumorigenic mechanisms Maraviroc and the basis of apparent tumor-type specificity. Finally, our study encourages investigations into the possible involvement of other ribosomal protein genes in colon cancer susceptibility. The authors thank Saila Saarinen for expert technical assistance and Tuula Lehtinen and Kirsi Pylvänäinen for help in collecting clinical data. The authors also thank Dr Hanna Gazda for helpful discussions. “
“Podcast interview: www.gastro.org/gastropodcast.

Also available on iTunes. Current therapies for Crohn’s disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the alimentary tract,1 include corticosteroids; immunosuppressives (eg, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate); the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab; and the anti–α4 integrin Rucaparib manufacturer monoclonal antibody natalizumab.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Treatment with TNF antagonists substantially has improved

the care of PD0332991 price patients with CD that is refractory to other treatments by inducing and maintaining remission and decreasing the need for hospitalization and surgery.7 and 8 However, in controlled trials, approximately two thirds of patients did not attain or maintain remission at 1 year after TNF antagonist initiation.9, 10 and 11 In addition, patients in whom 1 TNF antagonist has failed have a substantially decreased response rate when treated with a second TNF antagonist.12 and 13 Important safety concerns are associated with the immunosuppressive effects of TNF antagonists, including an increased risk of serious infections (eg, tuberculosis).14, 15 and 16 Natalizumab, another option for patients with CD, binds to α4β1 and α4β7 integrins, inhibiting T-lymphocyte adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Natalizumab is approved for multiple sclerosis in many countries and for moderate to severe CD in the United States.3, 5 and 6 However, an increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare, serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS), has limited natalizumab use in patients with CD.

The average annual rainfall of Mumbai is 2142 mm with monsoon rainfall accounting for 96% of the total annual

rainfall (Rana et al., 2012). During the monsoon, it usually rains uniformly over the city and severe flooding occurs in many parts. The duration of a rainfall event usually ranges from 30 min to 120 min, however in some cases they can be as long as 3–4 h (Rana et al., 2013). Daily rainfall amounts of up to 250 mm are common during monsoon season (Rana et al., 2012). Observed daily rainfall data for the Colaba station (18°54′ N, 72°49′ E, 11 m.a.s.l) in Mumbai, covering the period 1975–2005, was obtained from the India Meteorological Department (IMD). The daily volume resolution is 0.1 mm and there is no missing daily data. Further, daily rainfall data from nine GCM projections (see Table selleck inhibitor 1) was extracted from the CMIP5 database, provided by MOHC (Met Office Hadley Centre) (http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/home/) and we refer to the “WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison GSK-3 beta phosphorylation Project” report and its references for details about the data (CLIVAR Exchanges; WCRP, 2011). All GCMs were driven

by the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5. The RCP 4.5 is a stabilisation scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100 by employment of a range of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Van Vuuren et al., 2011). A large climate model ensemble of outputs driven by different models helps in quantifying the uncertainties in a comprehensive way and reduces errors associated with the GCMs. Time series in the period 1975–2099 from the GCM grid cell covering Mumbai were extracted from each projection. We use the period 1975–2004 as the reference period, and the three periods 2010–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2099 as projection periods representing near, intermediate and far future, respectively. We have used the Distribution-based Carbachol Scaling (DBS) Method (Yang et al., 2010) to downscale and bias-correct the GCM data for both historical and future projections. As for most bias-correction

methods, it was assumed that simulations generated by GCMs for the control period cover the full range of climate processes and events that occur in the present climate, and is thus representative of present climate conditions up to a systematic and stationary bias. The DBS approach includes two steps. In the first step, the wet fraction (i.e. proportion of time steps with a non-zero precipitation) is adjusted to match the reference observations. A common feature of climate models is generation of “spurious drizzle”, an excessive number of time steps with very low precipitation intensities (e.g. Maraun et al., 2010). The excessive drizzle can be quantified by comparing climate model output with gridded observations with the same spatial resolution.

The protocol for non-invasively loading the

mouse tibia has been reported previously [5], [8] and [12]. In brief, the flexed knee and ankle joints are positioned in concave cups; the upper cup, containing the knee, is attached to an actuator arm and the lower cup to a dynamic load cell. The tibia is held in place Ruxolitinib datasheet by a 0.5 N continuous static pre-load. In this study, 40 cycles of dynamic load were superimposed with 10 s rest intervals between each cycle. The protocol for one cycle consisted of loading to the target peak load, hold for 0.05 s at the peak load, and unloading back to the 0.5 N pre-load. From the strain gage data (see “ex vivo strain measurements”), peak loads of 13.3 N for males and 13.0 N for females were required to engender 2200 με on the medial surface of the tibia. Strain rate at this site was normalized to a maximum of 30,000 μεs− 1 by applying the load at rates of 460 N/s in males and 450 N/s in females. Following sacrifice, lower legs were stored in 70% ethanol and whole tibiae imaged using the SkyScan 1172 (SkyScan, Kontich, Belgium) with a voxel size of 4.8 μm (110 μm3). The scanning, reconstruction and method of analysis has been previously reported [8] and [14]. We evaluated the effect of housing and sex on both tibiae and changes [(right–left)/left] due to loading in bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular selleck kinase inhibitor thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular

separation (Tb.Sp) and trabecular number (Tb.N) in the trabecular region (0.25–0.75 mm distal to the proximal physis) and cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), total cross-sectional area inside the periosteal envelope (Tt.Ar), medullary area (Ma.Ar), cortical area fraction (Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar),

cortical thickness (Ct.Th) and polar moment of inertia (J), a parameter of structural bone strength, at the cortical site (37% from the proximal end), according to ASBMR guidelines Cobimetinib molecular weight [15]. Three days after the final anesthesia/loading session, animals were euthanized by asphyxiation with carbon dioxide prior to cardiac puncture to minimize changes in corticosterone. Serum was separated by centrifugation and stored at − 80 °C until the time of analysis. Serum testosterone was measured using a competitive binding assay kit (R&D systems, MN) following manufacturers’ instructions. Serum corticosterone was assayed using a competitive radioimmunoassay (Cort RIA, Izoto, Hungary) as previously described [16]. The effect of housing, sex and their interaction on each bone parameter was assessed using a two-way ANOVA with interaction. When interactions were found to be significant, post-hoc t-tests were used for pair-wise comparisons to further examine the effect of housing within each sex. The effect of loading was assessed using paired samples t-tests. Differences in fighting and serum hormones were assessed using independent samples t-tests. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Analyses were performed using SPSS (version 18.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).

Roger Jean établit aussi des relations amicales avec des pédiatres ERK inhibitor catalans de Barcelone et de Gérone qui viendront pendant 35 ans fréquenter son service et sa maison. Reconnu par ses pairs, il siège plusieurs années au Conseil National des universités et préside la Société française de pédiatrie. Il devient officier dans

l’ordre des palmes académiques et chevalier dans l’ordre National du mérite. Tout au long de sa carrière, il aura le bonheur d’être efficacement secondé par son épouse Armelle et entouré de l’affection de ses six enfants et de ses nombreux petits enfants. Définitivement retiré de la vie universitaire et hospitalière en 1991, il se consacre aux travaux de l’Académie des sciences et lettres de Montpellier où il a été admis en 1977 et qu’il préside en 1982. Pendant toute cette période, il se révèle un homme de culture, amoureux de l’histoire,

des voyages et de la musique. Mais son courage, c’est à la fin de sa vie qu’il devait nous le montrer. Cruellement frappé par une cécité presque totale, il continue à fréquenter l’Académie, s’efforçant jusqu’à la fin de sa vie de participer aux débats et d’exprimer son opinion sur des sujets très divers. Ses collaborateurs, LGK-974 clinical trial ses élèves et ses malades garderont de lui l’image d’un maître. “
“C’est avec beaucoup d’émotion que j’ai accepté de tenter d’exprimer les souvenirs que Jean Lemerle a laissés à tous ceux, collègues, professionnels de santé, enfants malades et leurs familles qui l’ont connu et sont devenus des proches et, pour certains, des amis. Tous ont été marqués par la vivacité de son raisonnement, sa capacité à anticiper, à construire, à développer les conditions d’approche médicale et humaine d’enfants gravement malades et de

leur entourage. Pédiatre, c’est en cancérologie que Jean Lemerle fut nommé Professeur et qu’il est devenu, de 1978 à 1996, chef de service d’oncologie pédiatrique à l’institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR). Il sut s’imposer en tant que successeur d’Odile Schweisguth, dont il avait suivi le chemin, tout en creusant son propre sillon. Rappelons en effet qu’en France, dans les années 1960, l’individualisation de cette surspécialité pédiatrique a été portée par Odile à partir d’une C59 price simple consultation à l’hôpital Necker. Sa clairvoyance et ses qualités humaines se sont imposées au soutien de Pierre Royer et de Jean Bernard. Très rapidement, en 1969, fut créée la Société internationale d’oncologie pédiatrique (SIOP), reposant d’emblée sur un réseau international de quelques professionnels motivés autour des cancers de l’enfant jusqu’alors délaissés, contribuant ainsi à la prise de conscience de la spécificité de ces pathologies. Jean Lemerle en fut co-fondateur. Il en deviendra ultérieurement l’un des présidents.