For decades teeth have been used to estimate long-term cumulative exposure to metals and some organic learn more chemicals. Recently developed methodologies that combine sophisticated histological and chemical analysis to precisely sample tooth layers that correspond to specific life stages have the potential to reconstruct exposure in the second and third trimesters of prenatal development and during early childhood.

Summary

Such a retrospective biomarker that precisely measures exposure intensity and timing during prenatal development would substantially aid epidemiologic investigations, particularly case-control studies of rare health outcomes.”
“Due

to the low occurrence of cancer during pregnancy,

limited data are available about outcome of infants exposed to chemotherapy in utero. We report the case of a newborn who developed transient ventricular hypocinesia and late-onset infection after in utero exposure to four epirubicin cycles for pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Moreover, we provide an overview of literature on neonatal outcome after anthracyclines-based chemotherapy regimen during pregnancy. Existing data support use of anthracyclines, as few cases of fetal cardiac toxicity were reported and most of short-term complications were transient. Need for prospective CP-868596 cost collection of data and longer follow-up is highly recognized.”
“The effects of D-003, a mixture of higher aliphatic acids purified from sugarcane wax with

antioxidant effects, and a grape seed extracts (GSE) on serum creatinine levels and on histological damage, were evaluated in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Rats were subjected to sham operation or renal I/R. One group was treated orally with the vehicle, two were treated with D-003 (250 and 500 mg/kg) and other with GSE (200 mg/kg). Renal morphological alterations were assessed by histopathological examination of haematoxylin-eosin stained. After 24 h of post-ischemic acute renal failure, serum creatinine levels was increased, effect that was significantly decreased by about 30 % and 60 % with D-003 and with GSE, respectively. Compared with sham AZD4547 rats, ischemic controls demonstrated severe damage of renal function and morphology, while both D-003 and GSE treatments protected against these I/R-induced histological abnormalities too. D-003 protected moderately against the increase of serum creatinine and histological findings of I/R-induced renal injury in rats.”
“Objectives: The available assessment tools to determine asthma control do not include components assessing factors that may directly affect control. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between patient compliance, inhaler technique and the level of asthma control.

Alternatives to antithrombotic therapies are briefly discussed.”
“Some current evidences suggest that stroke incidence and mortality may be higher in elevated air pollution areas. Our study examined the hypothesis of a correlation between air pollution level and ischemic stroke admission and in Hospital mortality in an urban population. Data on a total of 759 stroke admissions and 180 deaths have been obtained over a 4-year period (2000-2003). Five air ambient particles have been studied. A general

selleck compound additive model estimating Poisson distribution has been used, adding meteorological variables as covariates. NO(2) and PM(10) were significantly associated with admission and mortality (P value < 0.05) and with estimated RR of 1.039 (95% CI 1.066-1.013)

and 1.078 (95% CI 1.104-1.052) for hospital admission at 2- and 4-day lags, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests an association between short-term outdoor air pollution exposure and ischemic stroke admission and mortality.”
“Background: In recent years, it has been reported that selleck stem cells exist in the mesenchymal tissues of the bone marrow and adipose. These stem cells are thought to express specific cell surface markers such as CD44, CD54, CD105, CD90, and CD271 and have been confirmed to be pluripotent. Furthermore, although it has been reported that stem cells are also present in the dermis, their cell surface markers and characteristics are not fully understood.

Objective: To confirm the presence of stem cells in the dermis and their ability, employing the mesenchymal stem cell markers which have previously been reported as an indication.

Methods: We analyzed the percentages of CD44 (+), CD54 (+), CD90 (+), CD105 (+), and CD271 Fosbretabulin research buy (+) cells in the dermis of neonatal mice (HR-1 mouse) by performing immunostaining and FACS. Secondly, we isolated each type of marker-positive and -negative cells from dermal tissues and evaluated their proliferation potential and their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts,

and chondrocytes.

Results: According to the immunostaining and FACS results, we confirmed that stem cells that express CD44, CD54, CD90, CD105, and CD271 are present in the dermal tissues of neonatal mice. In addition, when we measured the proliferation and differentiation potentials of each type of marker-positive cells, it was revealed that cells expressing CD54 or CD271 have a high proliferation potential and are able to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes.

Conclusions: These results indicated that dermal tissues contain stem cells that express CD44, CD54, CD90, CD105, and CD271 which are stem cell markers. More precisely, it was suggested that both CD54 (+) and CD271 (+) stem cells have high proliferation and differentiation potentials. (C) 2011 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Establishment of a perineal clinic and an increase in resources may help educate women and expedite treatment for OASI.”
“Background: Cerebral malaria is a form of human malaria wherein Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells adhere to the blood capillaries in the brain, potentially leading to coma and death. Interactions between parasite and host proteins are important in understanding the pathogenesis of this deadly form of malaria. It is, therefore, necessary to study available protein-protein interactions to identify

lesser known interactions that could throw light on key events of cerebral malaria.

Methods: Sequestration, haemostasis dysfunction, systemic inflammation and neuronal damage are key processes of cerebral malaria. Key events were identified from literature as being crucial to these processes. An integrated interactome was created using available experimental https://www.selleckchem.com/autophagy.html and predicted datasets as well as from literature. Interactions from this interactome were filtered based on Gene Ontology and tissue-specific annotations, and further analysed for relevance to the key events.

Results: PfEMP1 presentation, platelet activation and astrocyte dysfunction were identified as the key events influencing the disease. 48896 host-parasite along with other host-parasite, host-host and parasite-parasite protein-protein interactions Adriamycin in vitro obtained from a disease-specific corpus were combined to form an integrated

interactome. Filtering of the interactome resulted in five host-parasite

PPI, six parasite-parasite and two host-host PPI. The analysis of these interactions revealed the potential significance of apolipoproteins and temperature/Hsp expression on efficient PfEMP1 presentation; role of MSP-1 in platelet activation; effect of parasite proteins in TGF-beta regulation and the role of albumin in astrocyte dysfunction.

Conclusions: This work links key host-parasite, parasite-parasite and host-host protein-protein interactions to key processes of cerebral malaria and generates hypotheses for disease pathogenesis based on a filtered interaction dataset. These hypotheses provide novel and significant insights to cerebral malaria.”
“The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) AZD1208 cost and the faecal egg count efficacy test (FECET) to assess the resistance status of ivermectin (630 mu g/g) and moxidectin (200 mu g/kg), using the controlled efficacy test as a reference, and whether the results of the EPG are equivalent to the efficacy results from the parasitological necropsies. Two experiments were conducted. The results demonstrate that it was not possible to demonstrate that the EPG values were equivalent with the ivermectin and moxidectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies, mainly if the phenomenon of parasites resistance is not advanced in a determined field population. Maybe the FECET technique would be possibly better than the FECRT.

One study reported a faster fusion rate when dynamic cervical plate was used, and another study showed a higher fusion rate when a dynamic cervical plate was applied on multiple levels. Four studies investigated the complications of using a dynamic plate and reported that changes in the cervical curvature angle

and material failure were the most frequent complications.

There were no clinical differences between the two types of cervical fixation systems. A difference in the fusion rates could not be found at any follow-up time or in any of the studies. There was a loss of lordotic correction in the dynamic systems and a higher rate of complications in patients with a loss of lordotic correction.”
“Objectives: Mivacurium,

rocuronium, and buy NVP-BSK805 vecuronium are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) commonly used in pediatric day-case anesthesia. Mivacurium is the most appropriate NMB for short surgical procedures where NMB drugs were required but is not available in all countries.

Aim: We evaluated the operating room time minimization after reduced-dose rocuronium (0.45 mg.kg(-1)) during elective day-case tonsillectomy in children.

Methods/Materials: One hundred and five children (6-9 years, ASA I/II status) scheduled for day-case tonsillectomy were included in prospective, double blind

clinical study. Children were randomly divided in INCB024360 three equal groups. All children were premedicated (midazolam 0.25 mg.kg(-1) orally, EMLA). Anesthesia was induced (2.5 mg.kg(-1)) and maintained (0.1 mg.kg(-1).min(-2)) by propofol and alfentanil (0.0015 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) and supplemented by inhalation mixture of 50% of O2/Air. Neuromuscular block was achieved by vecuronium (0.1 mg.kg(-1)) M or rocuronium in standard (0.6 mg.kg(-1)) (R) or reduced dose (0.45 mg.kg(-1)) (LD). Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by acceleromyography. Time analysis of NMB drugs action was performed.

Results: Time difference Sapanisertib clinical trial from the end of tonsillectomy to T90 neuromuscular block recovery was significantly shorter in LD Group (7.3 +/- 0.41 min), (V = 15.9 +/- 1.06, R = 16.0 +/- 1.7 min) (P = 0.0011). The onset time of neuromuscular block was prolonged in LD Group (LD=3.1 +/- 0.4, R = 1.3 +/- 0.4, V = 2.2 +/- 0.2 min) (P = 0.0039) without changing the intubating conditions. The maximum operation room time saving per each tonsillectomy was 37% in LD Group (Group V 21%, Group R 17%) (P = 0.0001). Low incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) 3-6% (0.4577) and good visual analog scale (VAS) score (<= 2) (0.5969) were found in all study groups 12 h after surgery.

2), while the corresponding figures in terms of reintervention-free survival were 68% and 33%, respectively (p = 0.2, log rank 1.8).

Conclusions: Surgical treatment of ICA aneurismal disease provided in our experience satisfactory early and long-term results, without significant differences between true and false aneurysms. In carefully selected patients with non-infected false LY2606368 purchase aneurysm, the endovascular option seems to be feasible. (c) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The beta-glycosidase gene of Thermus thermophilus KNOUC202 was cloned, expressed

in Escherichia coli JM109(DE3), and the enzyme was purified and characterized. The gene (KNOUC202 beta-gly) was composed of 1296 bp encoding a beta-glycosidase (KNOUC202 beta-glycosidase) of 431 a.a., belonging to the family 1 of glycosyl

hydrolase. The gene was expressed as monomer of 430 a.a. with amino terminal methionine excised in E. coli JM109(DE3). The enzyme hydrolyzed beta-glycosides whose glycone are galactose, glucose and fucose well, however showed no or very low activity on beta-D-glycosides whose glycone are disaccharides and xylose. k(cat) of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of p-Nph-beta-D-Glcp was lower than those for p-Nph-beta-D-Galp and ONPG, however K(m) for p-Nph-beta-D-Glcp was highly lower than those for p-Nph-beta-D-Galp and ONPG resulting in the catalytic efficiency(k(cat)/K(m)) for the hydrolysis of p-Nph-beta-D-Glcp much higher than those Linsitinib for p-Nph-beta-D-Galp and ONPG. Optimum pH and optimum temperature of the enzyme were pH 5.4 and 90 degrees C. The enzyme has high thermostability, not losing its activity at 80 degrees C for

2 h in 0.05 M Na-phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 with T(m) of 100.0 +/- 0.031 degrees C in 0.02 M Tris-HCl buffer of pH 8.2. The b-glycosidase produced a disaccharide composed of galactose as transglycosylation by-product during hydrolysis of lactose.”
“Objective: The article aims to provide, an overview of the literature that assessed the agreement between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology for specific carotid plaque characteristics associated with vulnerability in terms of sensitivity and specificity.

Methods: A systematic search strategy was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases resulting in 1084 articles. Finally, we included OSI-906 datasheet 17 papers. Due to variation in presentation, especially in MRI and histology methods, a pooled analysis could not be performed.

Results: Two studies were performed on a 3.0-T.MRI scanner; all other studies were performed on a 1.5-T scanner. Most performed sequences were two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted and all histology protocols varied slightly. Our results indicate that calcification, fibrous cap, intraplaque haemorrhage and lipid-rich necrotic cores can be identified with moderate-to-good sensitivity and specificity.

The diagnosis was made at laparotomy for the fourth “”caesarean section”".”
“BACKGROUND: The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) breaks down misfolded and normal proteins, including cell

cycle regulatory proteins involved in cardiac hypertrophy. Because congestive heart failure (CHF) increases cardiomyocyte cellular mass, indicative of increased protein synthesis and/or impaired breakdown, and ventricular unloading decreases cardiac hypertrophy and changes regulation of multiple molecular systems (“”reverse cardiac remodeling”"), we tested the hypothesis that ventricular unloading alters, myocardial UPS.

METHODS: SCH727965 Cell Cycle inhibitor In 23 paired myocardial specimens (before and after unloading) ubiquitin, 20S proteasome, and cyclin D1 were investigated immunohistochemically and morphometrically quantified in relation to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, DNA content, nuclear profile area and perimeter, and cyclin D I protein expression. CA3 in vivo Moreover, 20S proteasome plasma concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).

RESULTS: In CHF, sarcoplasmic 20S proteasome protein expression was significantly decreased compared with controls, but significantly increased after unloading. In contrast, sarcoplasmic ubiquitin protein was increased in CHF but significantly decreased after unloading, and both variables were inversely correlated. Cardiomyocyte 20S proteasome expression correlated inversely with cell size, mean DNA content, and cyclin D1, whereas

ubiquitin protein expression was positively correlated with these parameters. The 20S proteasome plasma concentration was significantly increased after unloading.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data indicate that: (1) the UPS is depressed in CHF; and (2) this is reversed by ventricular unloading and associated with decreased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, mean DNA content, and cell cycle regulatory proteins. The findings support the view that the UPS is involved in both the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and “”reverse cardiac remodeling”" after ventricular unloading. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:125-132 (C) 2010 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“The heteroepitaxy of a-plane (1120) InN films on r-plane (1102) sapphire substrates, by nitrogen radio frequency plasma-assisted NVP-LDE225 molecular weight molecular beam epitaxy, has been investigated and compared to that of c-plane (0001) InN. The epitaxial growth of a-plane InN proceeded through the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of three-dimensional islands, resulting in surface roughness that increased monotonically with epilayer thickness. The full width at half maximum of (1120) x-ray diffraction rocking curves decreased significantly with increasing InN thickness, characteristic of structural improvement, and it reached the value of 24 arcmin for a 1 mu m thick film. Hall-effect measurements exhibited a similar dependence of electron concentration and mobility on thickness for both the a- and c-plane InN films.

However, metallic byproducts, which can complex with proteins, may lead to a T lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity response.

Conclusions: The tribolayer appears to have beneficial effects on the wear rate. Much information has been gained on wear particle characteristics, but the exact mechanisms of

particle detachment remain to be further elucidated. Excessive wear along with a hypersensitivity response may be at the origin of the early adverse tissue reactions that have been recently reported in some patients with metal-on-metal implants.”
“A shielded planar head with a multi-step-tapered main pole assuming ion-beam milling fabrication was studied to obtain a large www.selleckchem.com/products/ly3023414.html recording field along with suppressed fringing field. The head main pole with a three-step-tapered structure was optimized in terms of the top, main, and bottom slope angles. The optimized head showed a remarkably

suppressed fringing field compared with a conventional single-step-tapered pole head. The recording simulation suggests that the head has the potential for 2 Tbit/in(2) recording in combination with a bit patterned medium. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3074101]“
“The essential oils composition of the skin, pulp and seeds from fruits of two Sicilian cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica (cv. Sanguigna this website and cv. Surfarina) has been obtained by hydrodistillation and the possible antioxidant, antimicrobial and semiochemical roles have been investigated comparing the data with those reported in the literature. The presence of antioxidants and antimicrobials found in this study increases the spectrum of compounds that have beneficial properties in O. ficus-indica. In addition, several compounds identified in this study have been reported to influence the behaviour of Ceratitis capitata, a phytophagous pest which causes severe damages to several crops including O. ficus-indica and the kairomonal activity of the odour Compound C PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor of the fruits seems provided by a blend of compounds found in the various matrices analysed.”
“The concepts of surface replacement of the hip and metal-on-metal

articulation date back to the 1930s, and recent hip resurfacing designs have been more successful than their predecessors. Experience with the Cormet device followed initial collaboration with Mr. Derek McMinn. Both hybrid implants (a cementless cup and a cemented head) and entirely cementless implants, inserted with use of a variety of surgical approaches, yielded good results, with the cementless option increasing in popularity. The indications for hip resurfacing have become better understood, with the procedure considered most suitable for young and middle-aged males with a high activity profile. In addition, revision surgery, if necessary, has been associated in most cases with bone and soft-tissue conservation.

Results-Pet store-derived dogs received significantly less favorable scores than did breeder-obtained dogs on 12 of 14 of the behavioral variables Tariquidar mouse measured; pet store dogs did not score more favorably than breeder dogs in any behavioral category. Compared with dogs obtained as puppies from noncommercial breeders, dogs

obtained as puppies from pet stores had significantly greater aggression toward human family members, unfamiliar people, and other dogs; greater fear of other dogs and nonsocial stimuli; and greater separation-related problems and house soiling.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Obtaining dogs from pet stores versus noncommercial breeders represented a significant risk factor for the development of a wide range of undesirable behavioral characteristics. Until the causes of the unfavorable differences detected in this group of dogs can be specifically identified and remedied, the authors cannot recommend that puppies be obtained from pet stores.”
“Mitral regurgitation (MR) involves systolic retrograde flow from the left ventricle into the left atrium. While trivial MR is frequent in healthy subjects, moderate

to severe MR constitutes the second most prevalent valve disease after aortic valve stenosis. Major causes of severe MR in Western countries selleck screening library include degenerative valve disease (myxomatous disease, flail leaflet, annular calcification) and ischaemic

heart disease, while rheumatic disease remains a major cause of MR in developing countries. Chronic MR typically progresses insidiously over many years. Once established, however, severe MR portends a poor prognosis. The severity of MR can be assessed by various techniques, Doppler echocardiography being the most widely used. Mitral valve surgery Is the only treatment of proven efficacy. It alleviates clinical symptoms and prevents ventricular dilatation and heart failure (or, at least, it attenuates further progression of these abnormalities). Valve repair significantly Fludarabine improves clinical outcomes compared with valve replacement, reducing mortality by approximately 70%. Reverse LV remodelling after valve repair occurs in half of patients with functional MR. Percutaneous, catheter-based mitral valve repair is a novel approach currently under clinical scrutiny, with encouraging preliminary results. This modality may provide a valuable alternative to mitral valve surgery, especially in critically ill patients.”
“P>The ubiquitination proteasome pathway has been demonstrated to regulate all plant developmental and signaling processes. E3 ligase/substrate-specific interactions and ubiquitination play important roles in this pathway. However, due to technical limitations only a few instances of E3 ligase-substrate binding and protein ubiquitination in plants have been directly evidenced.

pylori infection.”
“Objective: (1) To understand speech perception and communication ability through real telephone calls by Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants and compare them to live-voice perception, (2) to report the general condition of telephone use of this population, and (3) to investigate the factors that correlate with telephone speech perception performance.

Methods: Fifty-six children with over 4 years of implant use (aged 6.8-13.6 years, mean duration

8.0 years) took three speech perception tests administered using telephone BEZ235 supplier and live voice to examine sentence, monosyllabic-word and Mandarin tone perception. The children also filled out a questionnaire survey investigating everyday telephone use. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the scores between live-voice and telephone tests, and Pearson’s this website test to examine the correlation between them.

Results: The mean scores were 86.4%, 69.8% and 70.5% respectively for sentence, word and tone recognition over the telephone. The corresponding live-voice mean scores were 94.3%, 84.0% and 70.8%. Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed the sentence

and word scores were significantly different between telephone and live voice test, while the tone recognition scores were not, indicating tone perception was less worsened by telephone transmission than words and sentences. Spearman’s test showed that chronological age and duration of SNS-032 chemical structure implant use were weakly correlated with the perception test scores. The questionnaire survey showed 78% of the children could initiate phone calls and 59% could use the telephone 2 years after implantation.

Conclusion: Implanted children are potentially capable

of using the telephone 2 years after implantation, and communication ability over the telephone becomes satisfactory 4 years after implantation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The alpha 2 agonist clonidine has become a popular drug for premedication in children. Effects and pharmacokinetics after oral, rectal, and intravenous administration are well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption pharmacokinetics of clonidine nasal drops in children.

Thirteen ASA I pediatric patients received after induction of anesthesia 4 mcg.kg(-1) of clonidine by the nasal route. Blood samples were taken during a 12-h period and plasma levels of clonidine were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were calculated by a computer-aided curve-fitting program.

Plasma pharmacokinetics following administration of clonidine nasal drops showed a considerable interindividual variability and absorption was delayed and limited. A total of 95% confidence intervals for maximum plasma concentration and time to achieve maximum plasma concentration were 0.4-0.6 ng.ml(-1) and 1.4-3.0 h, respectively.

Results: Inflow temporal resolution of 200 msec was demonstrated, revealing arterial transit times of 750, 950, and 1100 msec to consecutive segments of the middle cerebral artery from distal to the circle of Willis to deep regions of the midbrain. Selective labeling resulted in an average of eightfold suppression of contralateral vessels relative to the labeled vessel. Signal-to-noise ratios and contrast-to-noise ratios on maximum intensity projection selleckchem images obtained with 88-second volumetric acquisitions (60 +/- 15 [standard deviation] and 57 +/- 15, respectively) and 11-second single-projection

acquisitions (19 +/- 5 and 17 +/- 5, respectively) were comparable with standard TOF acquisitions, in which a 2.7-fold longer imaging duration for a 2.6-fold lower pixel area was used. Normal variations of the vasculature were identified with ASL angiography.

Conclusion: ASL angiography can be used to acquire hemodynamic vessel-specific information LB-100 clinical trial similar to that obtained with x-ray DSA. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Objectives: It was the aim of this study to explore the effects of 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-l-benzyl

indazole (YC-1) on transcription activity, cell proliferation and apoptosis of hypoxic human bladder transitional carcinoma cells (BTCC), mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor l alpha (HIF-1 alpha). Methods: BTCC cell line T24 cells were incubated under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, adding different doses of YC-1.

The protein expression of HIF-l alpha and HIF-1 alpha-mediated genes was detected by Western blotting. RT-PCR was used to detect HIF-1 alpha mRNA expression. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration activity were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow Selleck Tozasertib cytometry and transwell migration assay. The cells were pretreated by two ERK/p38 MAPK pathway-specific inhibitors, PD98059 or SB203580, and then incubated with YC-1 treatment under hypoxic condition. HIF-1 alpha protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Results: Hypoxic T24 cells expressed a higher level of HIF-1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases-2, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 protein and HIF-1 alpha mRNA compared with normoxic controls, in which the above-mentioned expression was downregulated by YC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Cell proliferation and migration activity were inhibited while apoptosis was induced by YC-1 under hypoxic condition. Moreover, YC-1-downregulated HIF-1 alpha expression was reversed by PD98059 and SB203580, respectively. Conclusions: YC-1 inhibits HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 alpha-mediated gene expression, cell proliferation and migration activity and induces apoptosis in hypoxic BTCC. The ERK/p38 MAPK pathway may be involved in YC-1-mediated inhibition of HIF-1 alpha. Copyright (C) 2011 S.