In conclusion, the findings in the present study support the views of antivirulence as a new antibacterial approach for chemotherapy, and the pathogenicity of S. aureus in pneumonia could be decreased by inhibiting the production of α-toxin. We thank Professor

Timothy J. Foster (Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) for kindly providing S. aureus strains 8325-4 and DU 1090. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 31072168) and Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Veterinary Drug. J.Q., M.L., and J.W. contributed equally to this work. “
“Genetic analysis of Bacteroides fragilis (BF) is hindered because of the lack of efficient transposon mutagenesis methods. Here, we describe GS-1101 purchase a simple method for transposon mutagenesis using Acalabrutinib datasheet EZ::TN5, a commercially available system that we optimized for use in BF638R. The modified EZ::TN5 transposon contains an Escherichia coli conditional origin of replication, a kanamycin resistance gene for E. coli, an erythromycin resistance gene for BF, and 19 basepair transposase recognition sequences on either ends.

Electroporation of the transposome (transposon–transposase complex) into BF638R yielded 3.2 ± 0.35 × 103 CFU μg−1 of transposon DNA. Modification of the transposon by the BF638R restriction/modification system increased transposition efficiency sixfold. Electroporation of the EZ::TN5 transposome results in a single-copy insertion Telomerase of the transposon evenly distributed across the genome of BF638R and can be used to construct a BF638R transposon library. The transposon was also effective in mutating a BF clinical isolate and a strain of the related species, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The EZ::TN5-based mutagenesis described here is more efficient than other transposon mutagenesis approaches previously reported for BF. Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium associated with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals and humans (Gilmore & Ferretti, 2003) and is the major Bacteroides species isolated from human infections (80%) (Bennion et al., 1990; Wexler

et al., 1998; Wexler, 2007). As a commensal, it hydrolyzes complex polysaccharides and produces volatile fatty acids used by the host as source of energy (Wexler, 2007). When BF escapes the GI tract, it can cause serious infections (Gilmore & Ferretti, 2003). Investigation of the BF genetic makeup and its regulatory processes will aid in understanding how BF can evolve from a benign commensal to a multidrug-resistant pathogen. The function of most genes cannot be determined from primary sequence analysis alone (Cerdeno-Tarraga et al., 2005; Patrick et al., 2010), and the creation of mutants (Mazurkiewicz et al., 2006) is a useful tool for deducing gene function. As transposons are known for their random insertion into the genome, they have been widely used for the construction of mutant libraries (Jacobs et al.