Direct non-medical costs were estimated using data on transportation costs for hospital visits and costs for caregivers. Indirect costs included the costs of productivity loss and premature death in RHD patients. The economic burden of RHD in 2008 was estimated at $67.25 million US dollars. The indirect costs amounted to 39.04 % (US $26.26 million) of the total RHD costs. When stratified Danusertib chemical structure by age, the costs incurred by the group of patients older than 60 years were US $31.63 million. The prevalence of the disease in the same age group was 791.07

cases per 100,000 people. This study confirms that the prevalence of RHD was highest in patients older than 60 years in 2008. Furthermore, the patterns of disease in South Korea were similar to patterns observed in other high-income countries. These findings indicate that secondary prevention strategies for the early detection of RHD are needed in South Korea.”
“Economy has developed

rapidly in China, and the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects increased remarkably over the past two decades. However, no data are available regarding the temporal prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in this rapidly developing area, especially in the inland area. The cross-sectional survey was based on a random sample of 4,218 residents aged 35-64 years in the Jinan area. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid Niraparib cell line a parts per thousand yen416 mu mol/L in men and a parts per thousand yen357 mu mol/L in women. Subjects underwent Calpain physical examination and fasting blood testing. Complete data were available for analysis from 1,979 men and 2,062 women. The age-adjusted prevalence of hyperuricemia was 6.4 % for men and 2.1 % for women. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was greater in urban (6.7 %) than in rural areas (1.7 %) of Jinan city. Multivariate logistic

regression models revealed hyperuricemia associated with hypertriglyceridemia [men: odds ratio (OR) = 6.101, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.064-9.159; women: OR = 7.103, 95 % CI 3.578-14.099] and high serum creatinine level (men: OR = 2.603, 95 % CI 1.602-4.230; women: OR = 5.237, 95 % CI 2.667-10.284). Hyperuricemia was also significantly associated with male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Age (1-year increase) was negatively associated with hyperuricemia in men but positively associated with hyperuricemia in women. In conclusion, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is higher in urban than rural areas of Jinan, China. Male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high serum creatinine level contributed to hyperuricemia in this population.