While these results suggest that LPP neurons are tuned to features more complex than simple lines, we do not know the ultimate complexity of these features. Since positions and configurations of long, straight contours provide an egocentric, not allocentric, representation of spatial boundaries, Talazoparib if this information is naively represented in LPP and MPP, then neurons in these regions should display selectivity to viewpoint. Responses in LPP and MPP to the same synthetic room are modulated by the virtual viewpoint and depth from which the image was taken, supporting this view.

Our results resemble fMRI results in the PPA, which show that a change in viewpoint produces a release from adaptation on a short timescale (Epstein et al., 2003, Epstein et al., 2008 and Park and Chun, 2009), although Epstein et al. (2008) have demonstrated that a viewpoint-invariant adaptation effect is present over longer timescales. However, since we did not vary room geometry, we cannot rule out the possibility that these regions nonetheless show partial viewpoint invariance. Indeed, the sensitivity of LPP Sirolimus mouse and MPP to texture indicates that partial viewpoint invariance should be observed in natural scenes. Whether these neurons also show viewpoint invariance in scenes without differences in texture remains to be investigated. How does

LPP integrate information across the visual field? Our scene decomposition experiment revealed that the majority of LPP cells are modulated by multiple scene parts, often on both sides of the vertical meridian. However, just as few neurons in macaque middle face patches ML and MF are modulated by high-order interactions of face parts (Freiwald et al., 2009), few neurons in LPP were modulated by high-order interactions of scene parts. This may explain why LPP responds more strongly to fractured rooms that have been disassembled at spatial boundaries than to objects, a finding also observed in the PPA (Figure 1; see Epstein

and Kanwisher, 1998). We have not yet conducted these experiments in MPP; further work will be necessary to determine whether it displays similar receptive field and integrative properties. While our experiments indicate that LPP and MPP share many properties, they also show several differences. Sodium butyrate First, while both LPP and MPP are scene-selective regions, both in their single-unit responses (Figures 2B and 4A) and LFP (Figure 5), MPP contains a much greater proportion of nonvisually responsive units, and a smaller proportion of visually responsive units are scene selective (Figures 2C and 4B). Second, although our analysis showed that both LPP and MPP responded more strongly to nonscene stimuli with long, straight contours than to nonscene stimuli without such contours, the contribution of long, straight contours to scene selectivity in MPP was stronger than that in LPP.