Thus, not as many remaining alternatives to the use of different mobile phases, the ultrapure water were adopted. The neutral medium favours broadening and flattening of chromatographic peaks in the ion exchange mode, helping in the inadequate resolution, observed in the chromatogram Bortezomib of the UV–Vis system with a partial co-elution of arabinose and mannose (peaks 4 and 5, Fig. 3). Adding to this, for sure the major factor contributing in proportion to the low resolution is the way in which the chemical structures of carbohydrates (aldoses) are in the aqueous medium. Table 1 permits

us to see that there are higher proportions of pyranose, compared to furanose, once the cycle of six members is thermodynamically more stable in aqueous medium (Inoue et al., 2011). Mute rotations of the anomeric carbon also in Table 1, shown that

there is a predominance of the alpha pyranose form. This is justified by the hydroxyl group in the alpha configuration is pointing down, while in β form hydroxyl is pointing upwards (Fig. 1), so that the aligning two heteroatoms partially suffer repulsion. It was also observed, from the data of Table 1 that in equilibrium in the aqueous medium, there is predominance to the β form for glucose (62%), xylose (63%) and galactose (64%), while is a predominance of α form for arabinose (60%) and mannose (64%), the form more stable and retained in chromatography. Considering Selleckchem BMS 354825 the aldopentoses, the arabinose

has a superior retention than the xylose, since it has a higher proportion of furanose (2.5%) against (<1%) respectively, agreeing with the work of Inoue et al. (2011) that suggests that better retention is achieved when higher proportion of furanose is present. We can observe that the chromatographic elution occurs according in increasing order of these proportions, getting out from column, first the β-aldoses, followed by alpha-aldoses that are more stable. This agrees with studies of Inoue et al. (2011) showing that the elution behaviours of the aldoses were probably due to not only the individual pKa values, but also the chemical RG7420 structures of the cyclic aldoses. In order to improve resolution, the use of other columns as a Shim-pack CLC-NH2 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), with separation mechanisms based on reverse phase, normal phase, and ion exchange (Chemalink, 2012) were tested. Although the use of this column led to a good separation to the free carbohydrates – sucrose, glucose and fructose, the same efficiency was not achieved for the seven total carbohydrates analyzed in this work. It is intended to continue the search, in order to find a column that presents a best resolution for the system UV–Vis. Moreover, the HPAEC column, CarboPac PA1, which is strong anion exchange, with pH range of 0–14, allowed using of basic medium employing NaOH solutions.