This greatly expands the capabilities of bioanalyses performed on small model organisms and offers numerous and currently
inaccessible laboratory automation advantages. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.3699971]“
“Olfactory perception, and especially hedonic evaluation of VX-770 nmr odors, is highly flexible, but some mechanisms involved in this flexibility remain to be elucidated. In the present study we aimed at better understanding how repeated exposure to odors can affect their pleasantness. We tested the hypothesis of an affective habituation to the stimuli, namely a decrease of emotional intensity over repetitions. More specifically, we tested whether this effect is subject to inter-individual
variability and whether it can also be observed at the olfactomotor level. Twenty-six participants took part in the experiment during which they had to smell two odorants, anise and chocolate, presented 20 times each. On each trial, sniff duration and volume were recorded Citarinostat and paired with ratings of odor pleasantness and intensity. For each smell, we distinguished between “”likers”" and “”dislikers,”" namely individuals giving positive and negative initial hedonic evaluations. Results showed a significant decrease in pleasantness with time when the odor was initially pleasant (“”likers”"), while unpleasantness remained stable or slightly decreased when the odor was initially unpleasant (“”dislikers”"). This deviation toward neutrality was interpreted as affective habituation. This effect was all the more robust as it was observed for both odors and corroborated by sniffing, an objective measurement of odor pleasantness. Affective habituation to odors can be interpreted as an adaptive response to stimuli that prove over time to be devoid of positive or negative outcome on the organism. This study contributes to a better
understanding of how olfactory preferences are shaped Crenigacestat in vivo through exposure, depending on the individual’s own initial perception of the odor.”
“Objective-To determine the association between results of endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function (AF) and epiglottic structure (ES) in Thoroughbred yearlings and racing performance at 2 to 4 years of age.
Design-Retrospective case series.
Animals-2,954 Thoroughbred yearlings,
Procedures-Records of yearlings that had endoscopic evaluation of the larynx between 1998 and 2001 were obtained, and results were graded by use of standardized scales. A modified Havemeyer scale (grade II, II.1, II.2, III, or IV) was used to evaluate AF; ES was graded on a scale of 0 to IV Records were annotated if the epiglottis was subjectively short or narrow. Racing performance data were obtained from an online database.
Results-Horses with grade II.2 AF had significantly less earnings at 4 years of age, compared with earnings of horses with AF grades < II.2.