These findings show that TSPAN7 and PICK1 interact in neurons. Because the C-terminal tail of TSPAN7

also pulls down GluA2/3 and β1 integrin, it is likely that TSPAN7, PICK1, AMPAR, and β1 integrins associate to form macromolecular complexes in neurons. Osimertinib ic50 Because PICK1 is a ligand of AMPAR GluA2/3 subunits and is involved in internalizing and recycling AMPARs (Hanley, 2008b and Perez et al., 2001), we next investigated PICK1/AMPAR interaction in neurons in presence and absence of TSPAN7. From primary neuron extracts expressing siRNA14 or scrambled siRNA14, we immunopurified AMPAR complexes using GluA2/3 C-terminal antibodies, assessing the results by western blot. In TSPAN7-knockdown neurons, PICK1 and GluA2/3 associated together more strongly than in neurons expressing scrambled siRNA14 (Figure 6E, right; 1.22 ± 0.05 versus 1.01 ± 0.01, ∗∗p = 0.004, PICK1/GluA2/3

ratio in siRNA14-expressing neurons normalized to the ratio in scrambled siRNA14 neurons). Furthermore β1 integrin associated with AMPARs only in the presence of TSPAN7 (Figure 6E, middle). These findings indicate that, in rat hippocampal neurons, TSPAN7 regulates the extent of interaction between GluA2/3 subunits, PICK1 and β1 integrin, possibly by acting as a macromolecular organizer. Because selleck chemicals llc TSPAN7 is important for the morphological and functional maturation of excitatory synapses (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), and because it interacts dynamically with other synaptic proteins (Figure 6), we next investigated whether TSPAN7 interactions are required for regulating excitatory synaptic function. In view of the well-established role of PICK1 in AMPAR turnover (Hanley, 2008a) and the direct

interaction between PICK1 and TSPAN7 (Figure 6), we first addressed whether TSPAN7 and PICK1 cooperate in regulating GluA2 trafficking. Neurons expressing siRNA14 or scrambled siRNA14 were first incubated for 10 min with antibody against an extracellular epitope of GluA2. The time course of GluA2 internalization was estimated from the ratio of intracellular to total fluorescence (internalization index) (Passafaro et al., 2001) in neurons fixed 0, 5, and 10 min after antibody incubation. The GluA2 internalization index was significantly higher in TSPAN7 knockdown than scrambled siRNA14 neurons at all times (Figures 7A and 7B; 0 min: 1.26 ± PD184352 (CI-1040) 0.05 versus 1.00 ± 0.09, ∗p = 0.04; 5 min: 1.74 ± 0.04 versus 1.46 ± 0.04, ∗∗∗p < 0.001; 10 min: 1.27 ± 0.07 versus 1.08 ± 0.05, ∗p = 0.04; values normalized to the levels in scrambled siRNA14 neurons at time 0). To ascertain whether these effects were due to increased GluA2 internalization, we repeated the experiments in the presence of the dynamin inhibitor dynasore (80 μM for 30 min before internalization assay). As expected, dynasore abolished all differences in the internalization index between TSPAN7-knockdown and scrambled siRNA14 neurons at the three times (Figures 7A and 7B; 0 min: 1.00 ± 0.