Therefore, in the D- to L- direction, the reaction occurs with D-alanine binding to produce an external aldmine between PLP and

D-alanine. Lys40 then abstracts the α-hydrogen to produce a carbanonic quinonoid intermediate. Next, Tyr263′ adds a proton to the Cα of the intermediate from the opposite side to produce an external aldimine between PLP and what is now L-alanine. Subsequent transaldimination liberates Torin 1 price L-alanine and regenerates the LLP form of the enzyme. Figure 4 Active site of alanine racemase from S. pneumoniae. (A) Electron density 2Fo-Fc map of the active site contoured at 1.5σ, excluding solvent. Residues from the first monomer are colored pink, residues from the second monomer are blue and are denoted with primed numbers. The PLP-bound Lys residue (LLP) is grey. (B) Superposition of the active site residues from Gram-positive alanine racemase structures with AlrSP; only S. pneumoniae residues are labeled. Residues pictured are from G. stearothermophilus (yellow) [29], E. faecalis (green) [38], MEK inhibitor B. anthracis (blue) [36], S. lavendulae (red) [33], and S. pneumoniae (pink). The chloride ion from the B. anthracis structure is depicted as a blue sphere. (C) Selleck VS-4718 Unmodeled electron density (green) found in the active site. 2Fo-Fc

(light blue) and Fo-Fc (green and red) maps are contoured at 1.5 and 3.0 σ, respectively. Residues are colored and labeled as described ID-8 for Figure 4A. Figure 5 Schematic diagram of polar interactions around PLP in the active site of alanine racemase from S. pneumoniae. For clarity, interactions with water molecules have not been included. Primed numbers denote residues from the second monomer. This figure was drawn after LeMagueres et al. [32]. In the LLP moiety, the C4″” atom of the PLP cofactor is linked to the NZ of Lys40 by a double bond in the trans- configuration, forming an internal aldimine as in other alanine racemase structures [[29,

31–33]]. The PLP cofactor is further stabilized by hydrogen bonds with the side chains of six residues (Tyr44, Arg136, His165, Ser203, Arg218 and Tyr352) and main chains of three residues (Ser203, Gly220, Asp221; Figure 4A). The hydrogen-bonded network also includes residues His199 and Tyr263″”, and was first described in AlrGS [29]. All of these residues are strictly conserved across the Gram-positive structures, except for Asp221, which is replaced by an Ile in AlrBA and AlrGS, a Val in AlrEF, and a Leu in AlrSL [29, 33]. We observed electron density consistent with a carbamylated lysine at the NZ terminus of Lys129, as seen in most other alanine racemase structures. Lys129 refined well as a carbamylated residue in this structure and is hydrogen bonded to the neighboring arginine residue. Shaw et al.