The incentive-pressure strategy (sensu Heylings et al., [15]) to encourage consensus on zoning should not be used again during the adaptation phase of the GMR’s zoning. It is clear that such a strategy generated perverse incentives that led to the loss of credibility and legitimacy in the zoning. Instead, it is necessary to establish new mechanisms to realign economic incentives with resource conservation. This critical

component of successful rebuilding ABT-263 cell line efforts for fisheries [6] focuses on what is referred to variously as fishing rights, tenure, or dedicated access privileges [45], [46] and [47]. Which form of fishing rights fits which type of fishery is a complex matter [45], depending on the frequent pre-existence of fishing rights, on the species involved, on the history of the fishery, and many other factors. However, when chosen well, these have effectively eliminated the race for the fish in many fisheries around the world—whether selleck kinase inhibitor through TURFs, individual quotas (catch shares), rotation of fishing grounds or other means

[31], [48] and [49]. For example, the exclusive allocation of TURFs to small-scale fisher communities in Chile has generated a sense of exclusive use and ownership among fishers. This has resulted in [31] and [50]: (1) a co-management success with long-term effects in the economic welfare of fishers; (2) the strengthening of fishers’ organizations, which led to the implementation, by fishers themselves, of effective monitoring, control 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl and surveillance procedures, and (3) the accomplishment of objectives for management and conservation. In addition, TURFs have proved to be useful as experimentation tools to refine stock assessment and management procedures. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that, under certain conditions, strategically sited MPAs can be an effective complement to TURFs, increasing abundance and fishery profits [51]. Attention

must be paid in equal terms to the biological, oceanographic and human dimensions related to the planning, monitoring, implementing and managing of the GMR’s zoning. The importance of people-oriented aspects has been highlighted with regard to ecosystem-based management, notably in regard to fisheries [5] and to MPA creation and implementation (or adaptation), to improve acceptance and ultimate performance of MPAs [35]. The latter authors suggest ten key “human dimensions” considerations for MPAs: objectives and attitudes, “entry points” for introducing MPAs, attachment to place, meaningful participation, effective governance, the “people side” of knowledge, the role of rights, concerns about displacement, MPA costs and benefits, and the bigger picture around MPAs.