The advent of SCNT and improved gene targeting strategies has made the pig a preferred choice for generating large-animal models of human diseases.12, 33 In

this study we were able to reproduce and improve on initial efforts of gene targeting in pigs by using for the first time a chimeric AAV vector (AAV-DJ) to target and disrupt the porcine Fah gene. After nuclear and embryo transfer steps, multiple Fah-null heterozygote females were generated. These animals were reproductively healthy and were able to give rise to viable, healthy offspring that also inherited the mutant allele. Nutlin-3 chemical structure Fah-null heterozygotes do not suffer from any abnormal liver pathology and are healthy, able to reproduce, and are phenotypically normal when compared to their wildtype littermates. However, Fah-null heterozygote animals have reduced FAH levels and a substantially reduced ability to hydrolyze FAA, thereby confirming that the targeted disruption does produce a defective Fah allele. The use of AAV vectors allows for the targeting of genes that are transcriptionally inactive, as is selleck chemicals the case for the Fah gene in fetal fibroblasts.18,

34 In addition, the single-stranded genome of the AAV particle is ideal for homologous recombination and can efficiently target sequences in the genome when large areas of flanking homology are inserted around the disruption cassette as was used in this study. Rogers et al.11 noted variability in targeting frequencies between sibling fibroblasts clones. Controlling for experimental variations, targeting events between different fibroblast clones differed as much as 100-fold using AAV1 in their studies. This high degree of clone-to-clone variability was not seen in our experiments (Table Loperamide 2). Additionally, using the chimeric AAV-DJ, the targeting frequencies were observed to be higher than those found using AAV1 in the CF model, a result that leads to substantial time and cost savings when producing these porcine knockout models. Although locus heterogeneity may explain

the discordance between the variability in the results of Rogers et al. and our findings, we believe three important factors may have contributed to the high targeting efficiency seen in this report. First, in our preliminary work we determined there to be as many as two basepair differences in the 5′ region and 15 basepair differences in the 3′ region of the targeting homology between the two alleles of the same animal’s genome. Previous work done by others have shown that as few as one basepair difference is enough to disrupt homologous recombination between the AAV vector and target genomic sequence, and so we ensured complete sequence homology between the targeting arms and a single allele of Fah.35, 36 Second, we designed the neo insertion to be centrally located between the homologous arms of the vector, which others have shown to give the greatest targeting efficiency.