“
“Purpose of review\n\nImage-guided surgery (IGS) is a new type of surgery in which indirect visualization of the surgical anatomy helps the surgeon to enable minimally invasive percutaneous, laparoscopic, or robotic-aided treatment more precisely and safely, to

achieve complete tumor removal and sparing of the function of critical organs.\n\nRecent findings\n\nAlthough 2D ultrasonography has played a main role as conventional intraoperative image guidance, image-fusion system of ultrasonography with computed tomography (CT) or MRI, 3D ultrasonography imaging, MRI-compatible navigation system, and image-overlay technology of augmented reality navigation system have emerged with computer aid. Development of augmented reality in soft tissue navigation is challenging, especially in tracking of organ motion and deformation. In IGS, the surgeon may see any angled tomogram of the patient’s selleck chemicals selleck kinase inhibitor body, or 3D anatomies beyond the direct vision. IGS would not only provide the delivery of energy or medicines to the therapeutic target, but also monitor the precision and effectiveness of the treatment.\n\nSummary\n\nEmerging imaging technology gives surgeons a new powerful opportunity to realize where surgical pathological targets and vital healthy anatomies

are located beyond the surgeon’s direct vision.”
“OBJECTIVES: Since last decade, Saudi Arabia has been swiftly moving ahead to promote an education and research in the country. This study

aimed to investigate the research outcome of Saudi Arabia in medical sciences Pevonedistat mouse during the period 1996-2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, the research papers published in various global science journals during the period 1996-2012 were accessed. We recorded the total number of research documents having an affiliation with Saudi Arabia. The main source for information was Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, Thomson Reuters and SCI-mago/Scopus. RESULTS: In global science data base, Saudi Arabia contributed 103804 documents in all science and social sciences. In medicine the total number of research papers from Saudi Arabia are 16196, citable documents 14732, total citations 102827, citations per documents 6.36 and Hirsch index (h-index) is 92. However, in combined medical and allied health sciences the total number of research papers are 27246, citable documents 25416, total citations 181999, mean citations per documents 7.07 and mean h-index is 41.44. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia contributed 40797 research documents in ISI indexed journals only and also 151 research documents in highly reputable and towering science journals. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi Arabia’s research performance in global medical sciences has markedly increased during the period 2006-2012.