On the contrary, Ciftci et al. [33] reported that PCR targeting icaA and icaD genes may be not sufficient to detect slime production, and further studies targeting other genes should be conducted for accurate evaluation of slime production characters of S. aureus strains.Among the studied genes, eno encoding the laminin-binding selleckchem Tipifarnib protein was the most commonly detected gene in Staphylococcus mastitis isolates under study. The prevalence rates of the eno gene were 75% and 92.6% in S. aureus and CNS, respectively (Table 5 and Figure 5). This high prevalence agreed with that of Simojoki et al. [35] who reported the same gene to be the most commonly detected in CNS isolates from mastitis in a percentage of 75%. Also, this gene was detected with the highest rate in airborne Staphylococci (83%) when compared with animal isolates (56%) as reported by Seoet al.
[29].The bap gene encoding the biofilm associated protein was the least detected gene where it was only detected in one S. aureus (2.5%) isolate and 3 (4.4%) CNS isolates (Table 5 and Figure 5). This very low prevalence was previously reported by Cucarella et al. [5] who detected the bap gene in 5% of S. aureus obtained from bovine subclinical mastitis. This gene is also detected in other Staphylococcus species, including S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. simulans, and S. hyicus [34]. Other authors did not detect the bap gene in their Staphylococcus isolates [29, 35, 38].
Antimicrobial therapy of mastitis is based on results of susceptibility tests in vitro; therefore, new tests must be adopted to select the antibiotic of choice for treatment of biofilm positive strains where ordinary test selects antibiotics that are effective only in inhibiting planktonic bacterial population, whereas bacteria in biofilm resist and survive the treatment and provide materials for further growth [39]. 5. ConclusionsFindings of the present study demonstrated the great ability of both S. aureus and CNS bovine mastitis isolates to form biofilms with different degrees of production using different methods. This must be considered as an alarming situation, and so attention must be paid toward implementation of new ways for effective prophylaxis, control, and treatment of such infections in the dairy farms.Conflict of InterestsThe authors have no conflict of interests.Authors’ ContributionSamah F. Darwish and Hanaa A.
E. Asfour contributed equally to the work.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are 21�C24nt in length and predominantly AV-951 function to repress gene expression at posttranscriptional level. Many miRNAs found to be ubiquitously present in a wide range of animals, plants (including algae), and some animal viruses [1�C7]. Various miRNA families were found to be highly conserved across the plant kingdom [3, 7�C10].