Moreover, the expression levels of keratinocyte chemoattractant protein (KC) decreased in learn more NK1.1+ cell-depleted mice. These results indicate that NK1.1+ cells recruit neutrophils during the early phase of Acinetobacter infection by increasing KC expression. Acinetobacter baumannii is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium that can survive for prolonged periods in water, soil, and on the skin of healthy humans. During the last decade, A. baumannii has emerged as a major cause of both community-associated and nosocomial infections worldwide (1–3). The urinary tract, intravenous devices, surgical sites, and decubitus are the

favored sites of infection. A. baumannii mainly causes pneumonia, particularly in mechanically ventilated patients (4, 5). The mortality rate for ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by A. baumannii has been reported to be <75% (6, 7). However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying host defenses against respiratory infection by A. baumannii (8–10). Therefore, a deeper understanding of the innate immune system

may provide MAPK Inhibitor Library manufacturer new possibilities for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against many bacterial pathogens, including A. baumannii. Bacterial pathogens are recognized by phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and are rapidly eliminated from a host suffering from acute infection. CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 play a key role in the innate sensing of A. baumannii

via bacterial lipopolysaccharide Avelestat (AZD9668) (LPS) (9). Recently, van Faassen et al. reported that neutrophils play an important role in host resistance to Acinetobacter pneumonia (11). However, little is known about the innate cellular response and the interactions between these cells in A. baumannii pneumonia. Recent reports suggest that neutrophils engage in cross-talk with other leukocytes during inflammatory responses (12, 13). Immune cells (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, NKT cells, αβT cells, and γδT cells) play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the lungs. Of these, NK cells and NKT cells play a crucial role in the innate immune response to tumors, viruses, and intracellular bacteria, and also have an immunoregulatory effect on other immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (14–20). Moreover, NK cells modulate neutrophil activation and survival by secreting various cytokines and by direct cell–cell contact (21, 22). However, because most reports are of in vitro studies, little is known about the role and interaction of these cells within infected tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify the cells infiltrating the lungs of mice with Acinetobacter pneumonia and to examine their role in host defense. Acinetobacter baumannii strain A112-II-a was isolated from a patient with chronic nephritis.