Likewise, it has been reported in CH5183284 Pseudomonas aeruginosa under steady-state growth that high salt could induce the T3SS [18]. Therefore, it is possible that an overnight culture of B. pseudomallei could induce the T3SS and other factors that might contribute in increase invasion efficiency. Our result is in good agreement with a

previous report that S. typhi cultured in 300 mM NaCl containing LB broth exhibited an increased secretion of invasion proteins (SipC, SipB and SipA) (Zhao L et al., 2001). Also, this salt-treated S. typhi became highly invasive toward both epithelial cells and M cell of rat Peyer’s pathches (Zhao L et al., 2001). Selleck Ivacaftor Conclusions This study revealed that B. pseudomallei responds to high salt/osmolarity by modulating Rabusertib the transcription of specific genes. Most of identified genes are within chromosome 2. Among these are several loci that are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of melioidosis, including the invasion-associated

Bsa T3SS. Methods Bacterial strains and growth kinetics B. pseudomallei strain K96243 was cultured in LB broth at 37°C for 18 hrs. To determine B. pseudomallei growth kinetics under salt stress, optical density of cultures at various time points was recorded. In brief, overnight-cultured B. pseudomallei adjusted to OD600 0.5 was subcultured 1:500 into standard LB broth without or with supplementation of NaCl (Merck) to obtain a final concentration of 320-620 mM NaCl. Every 2 hrs after subculture, serial dilution was performed for colony forming unit counts (CFU). RNA preparation and microarray analysis An overnight culture of B. pseudomallei K96243 was subcultured 1:10 into 10 mL LB broth containing 170 or 320 mM NaCl. Four biological replicates were generated and analysed. RNA was isolated from 3 and 6 hrs cultures of B. pseudomallei grown much at 37°C by adding two volumes of RNAprotect bacterial reagent (QIAGEN) to one volume of bacterial

culture and incubating for 5 min at room temperature. Subsequently, total RNA was extracted from bacterial pellets using Trizol (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and treated with DNase before use. RNA (Cy3) and B. pseudomallei K96243 genomic DNA (Cy5) labeling were carried out as described in the standard RNA vs DNA labeling protocol [39]. After removal of excess dyes, labelled cDNA was competitively hybridized to B. mallei/pseudomallei microarrays version 2 (kindly supplied by the J. Craig Venter Institute) using a hybridization buffer containing 50% formamide (Sigma), 5× SSC (Ambion), 0.1% SDS (Ambion), and 0.1 mM Dithiothreitol solution (DTT) (Sigma) for 20 hrs at 42°C. After hybridization, the slide was gently agitated in prewarmed 55°C low stringency wash solution (2× SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 0.1 mM DTT) and immersed in a new prewarmed 55°C low stringency wash solution. Slides were further washed twice in medium stringency wash solution (0.1× SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 0.1 mM DTT).