Interestingly, PI3K Midostaurin is also involved in IFNα-dependent activation pathways 34. The further elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for crosstalk between surface receptors (BCR, FcγRIIB and IFNAR) and endosomal receptors (TLR7, TLR9) will aid in our understanding of how FcγRIIB deficiencies promote autoreactive B-cell activation in the context of autoimmune disease. AM14 H/L chain transgenic mice 12 were intercrossed with FcγRIIB−/− mice (Jackson Laboratory) to obtain experimental mice. All FcγRIIB−/− mice used in these studies were 6- to 8-wk of age. High-affinity

IgG2a-reactive 20.8.3 mice 22 were kindly provided by Dr. M. Shlomchik (Yale University School of Medicine). Mice were maintained at the BUSM Laboratory Animal Sciences Center under pathogen-free conditions. All procedures were performed under the guidelines of the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, and approved by Boston University

School of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. ODN 1826 (CpG class B) was obtained from Coley Pharmaceuticals (Wellesley, MA) and the inhibitory oligonucleotide INH-18 and its control INH-48 28 were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa). The TLR2 ligand Pam3CysK4 was obtained from EMC Microcollections (Tuebingen, Germany), TLR7 ligand R848 was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), intact and F (ab′)2 fragment of GAMIG were from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, PA), and IFNα was from PBL (Piscataway, NJ). CGneg, Clone 11 and SenP1 dsDNA fragments were prepared and biotinylated as described previously 3-MA purchase 11, 14. The histone-reactive mAb

PL2-3 35 was kindly provided by Dr. M. Monestier (Temple University School of Medicine). The RNA-reactive IgG2a BWR4 29 was kindly provided by Dr. D. Eilat (Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel). Primary B cells were purified from spleens using anti-CD45RB magnetic beads (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and stimulated with TLR ligands, and Tolmetin IC as described previously 14, 18. IC containing biotinylated Clone 11, CGneg and SenP1, or biotinylated BSA, were combined with the IgG2a anti-biotin mAb 1D4 14 in RPMI and incubated at room temperature for 15–30 min prior to addition to B cells. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AR050256 and AR35230 to A. M. R. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. “
“NK cells offer a first line of defense against viruses and are considered beneficial to the host during infection. Nevertheless, little is understood regarding the phenotype and function of NK cells in the lung during influenza virus infection. We found that the frequency of NK cells in mouse lung increased during influenza infection, with the majority of a mature phenotype.