In API 20NE, cells are positive for the oxidase test, hydrolysis of esculin and gelatin, assimilation of d-glucose, and negative for nitrate reduction, indole production, glucose fermentation, arginine dihydrolase, urease, β-galactosidase, assimilation of l-arabinose, d-mannose, d-mannitol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, d-maltose, potassium gluconate, capric acid, adipic acid, malic

acid, trisodium citrate, and phenyl acetic acid. In API 20E, cells show negative reactions for lysine decarboxylase, ornithine click here decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase, H2S production, and citrate utilization, and positive for acetoin production. In API ZYM, alkaline and acid phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and β-glucuronidase are positive

for this strain, whereas the strain is negative for lipase (C14), α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, GKT137831 order N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-mannosidase, and α-fucosidase. In API 50 CH, acid is produced from d-xylose, d-galactose, d-glucose, l-rhamnose, amygdalin, esculin, d-cellobiose, sucrose, and gentiobiose; no acid is produced from remaining substrates. Polar lipids and the major fatty acids are listed in the genus description. Major respiratory quinone is MK-6, and DNA G+C content is 33.7 mol%. The type strain is CC-SAMT-1T (BCRC 80315T = JCM 17682T), isolated from coastal seawater collected at China Sea (Changhua County, Siansi Township, XianGong South 4th Road), Taiwan. The authors thank the reviewers for critical comments. We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Hans G. Trüper

for bacterial nomenclature. Hsin-I. HuangI, Wai-Shuo Huang, and You-Cheng Liu are thanked for their help during sample collection, electron microscopy, and G+C assay. We thank Dr Ren-Jye Lee for LC-MS/MS. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Racecadotril Taiwan under the ATU plan. M.S. is grateful to Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, for awarding scholarship. The authors declare no conflict of interest. A.H. and M.S. contributed equally to this work. “
“Herbicides have the potential to impair the metabolism of soil microorganisms. The current study addressed the toxic effect of bentazon and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid on aerobic and anaerobic Bacteria that are involved in cellulose and cellobiose degradation in an agricultural soil. Aerobic saccharide degradation was reduced at concentrations of herbicides above environmental values. Microbial processes (e.g.