DNA was resuspended in 200 μL of AE buffer (Qiagen) and stored at −20 °C for further analyses. For HLA B*5701 screening, the SSP HLA-Ready Gene B5/57 Cross low-resolution kit (Inno-Train Selleckchem Cabozantinib Diagnostik, Kronberg, Germany) was used to perform an in vitro diagnostics validated, European Economic Area conformity mark (CE) marked test, according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

PCR products were electrophoresed on a 3% agarose gel (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) stained with Gel-Star dye (Lonza, Rockland, Switzerland). Results were visualized under UV light (Transilluminator 4000; Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) and recorded with a DS-34 Polaroid Direct Screen Camera. Additionally, all B*57-positive samples were verified using another CE marked assay performed using the Olerup SSP HLA-B* 57 high-resolution kit (Olerup SSP AB, Saltsjoebaden, Sweden), with subsequent electrophoresis and recording as described above. In the studied group of 234 HIV-1-infected patients, 13 of 234 subjects selleck compound (5.6%) tested positive for HLA B*5701 in the low-resolution test (corresponding to serological type B57). The results were confirmed by the high-resolution

test for 11 of these subjects (4.7%), while one individual was found to carry the HLA B*5703 variant and one patient B*5306. Six of the individuals (54.6%) carrying the HLA B*5701 allele were male. Example agarose gels demonstrating the presence of the HLA B*5701 variant are shown in Figs 1 and 2. The HLA B*5701 allele frequency found in the HIV-1-positive group in this study is higher than the frequency previously reported by Nowak et al. [15] for the Polish population (0.047 vs. 0.025, respectively; both Sorafenib order studies having the same sample size). Allelic frequencies of this variant among European Caucasian populations vary from 0.007 in Romania to 0.071 among Andalusian Gypsies (frequency data available online at http://www.allelefrequencies.net). The frequency found in the present study is within this range and does not differ notably from the mean allelic frequency

in Europe. However, it should be noted that the HLA B*5701 variant may become more common in HIV-infected groups as it has been found to be associated with slower disease progression [16,17]. The general aim of HLA B*5701 testing in Caucasian populations is to reduce the risk of abacavir HSR, and therefore the number of drug discontinuations and the necessity for additional treatment. Such an approach increases patients’ confidence in the safety of antiretroviral treatment and significantly reduces not only the number of observed HSRs but also the number of treatment interruptions [18]. Results recently published for the PREDICT-1 study showed that HLA B*5701 testing alone eliminated immunologically confirmed reactions, with a reduction in the percentage of clinically observed cases in the prospectively screened HLA B*5701-negative group to 3.4% [6].