Colonies were counted and CFU/mL calculated (CFU/mL = (number of colonies × 10D)/0.02). The values

were plotted from the average of the samples with the error bars representing the standard deviation of the data. Samples were assayed in triplicate. For cells from the biofilm CRT0066101 cell line lifestyle; using the same plate as for the planktonic CFU/mL assay, the residual liquid was drained and the attached cells were washed three times with 200 μL of LB broth. After washing, 100 μL of fresh BHI media broth added into each well. The cells are detached by sonication for 3 seconds (Soniclean sonicating waterbath, a protocol established to disrupt bacterial attachment and aggregation), followed by removal of 20 μL from each well and a serial dilutions from 10-1 to H 89 in vitro 10-8 and plating onto BHI agar plates. Biofilm cells grow with an altered metabolism and it should be noted that

the colonies on the plate appear different (generally smaller), but colony numbers are representative of live cell numbers within the system. CFU/mL are once again calculated using the formula; CFU/mL = (number of colonies × 10D)/0.02. The values were plotted from the average of the samples and the error bars represented the standard deviation of the data. Transcriptomic analysis The selected strains; R3264 and Eagan were grown until late log-phase (16 hours) in 10 mL BHI liquid media and then cultured in BHI media broth in pH 6.8 and 8.0 for 3.5 hours before the collecting selleck inhibitor the cells for RNA extraction. To prevent RNA from degradation and preserved the RNA within the cells, cells were directly added to Phenol/Ethanol solution. The composition of phenol/ethanol solution is; 5% v/v Phenol (pH 4.3) and 95% v/v ethanol. The ratio used is 2/5 of the total cell culture volume: phenol/ethanol. This

was left on ice for 2 hours before being centrifuged for 5 min. (4˚C/4000×g) and the supernatant discarded. The cell pellet was kept at -80˚C until RNA extraction. RNA is extracted using RNAeasy Mini kit according to RNAeasy mini standard protocol Histone demethylase (QIAGEN). The RNA quality of the samples were checked with the Agilent Bioanalyzer (according to Agilent RNA 6000 Nano kit standard protocol; samples were loaded into RNA Nano chip and run using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser machine). For each sample three biological replicates of cell growth, harvesting and RNA extraction was performed. The RNA was pooled. RNA was provided to the Adelaide Cancer Genomic Research Facility (Adelaide Australia) for library preparation and sequencing (RNAseq) using the Ion Proton platform (Life Technologies). The analysis pipeline used Bowtie2 [55] align reads from both samples to the H. influenzae RdKW20 reference genome (Genbank: NC_000907), followed by processing with SAMtools and BEDTools to generate a mapped read count for the reference genes from each sample. Differential expression analysis was performed using R program within the package edgeR and DESeq.