Appl Environ Microbiol

2003,69(3):1739–1747.CrossRefPubMed 43. Miller VL, Mekalanos JJ: A novel suicide vector and its use in construction of insertion mutations: osmoregulation of outer membrane proteins and virulence determinants in Vibrio cholerae requires toxR. J Bacteriol 1988,170(6):2575–2583.PubMed 44. Figurski DH, Helinski DR: Replication of an origin-containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function provided in trans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979,76(4):1648–1652.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions SBur constructed the deletion mutants, performed southern blot hybridization, MIC determination, and manuscript preparation. MRP performed levofloxacin accumulation assay. RSF designed the markerless deletion system for mutagenesis in B. cenocepacia and GW-572016 nmr assisted with the mutagenesis experiments. SBaz performed cloning experiments. AM helped with molecular techniques. IB performed the purification, selleck products detection and quantification of acyl homoserine lactone transport. VV supervised the acyl homoserine lactone detection experiments and contributed to manuscript Vorinostat supplier preparation and editing. MAV supervised the gene inactivation experiments and contributed to manuscript preparation and editing. GR designed the study and coordinated.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Arthrobacter species are high G+C Gram positive bacteria that are prevalent in both pristine and polluted soils [1–3]. Although Arthrobacter spp. have been noted for their high levels

of resistance to a variety of toxic metals [4, 5], very little is known about the genetic basis or regulatory mechanisms underlying metal resistance in this genus. Arthrobacter sp. FB24 was isolated from soils contaminated with lead-chromate salts and was selected for detailed study based on its high tolerance to a wide assortment of toxic heavy metals [6–8]. Most notably, this strain can survive in the presence of 200 mM potassium chromate in dilute nutrient broth [6]. Reported resistance levels for other Arthrobacter species range from 2 to 48 mM chromate [9, 10]. The mechanism of chromium Phloretin resistance in Arthrobacter strains remains enigmatic. Although some strains can reduce toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) [11, 12], chromate reduction is not typically considered a resistance mechanism [13]. However, chromate efflux has only been biochemically identified as a resistance mechanism in Proteobacteria [14–17]. The earliest analyses of efflux-mediated chromate resistance have been performed in Cupravidus metallidurans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and until recently, these two organisms have served as the model organisms for chromate efflux. As a structural analog of sulfate (SO4 2-), chromate enters cells through sulfate uptake systems [18]. Chromate efflux occurs via the ChrA protein in P. aeruginosa and C.