After that, 80 mL of tetrabutyl titanate

alcoholic solution was added to it drop by drop. Subsequently, 8 mL of deionized water was added into the mixed solution, and then the mixed solution was treated by Ilomastat nmr ultrasound for 1 h. The mixed solution was shifted into the hydrothermal reactors with 70% filling, and then the reactors were sealed and heated for 24 h at 140°C. After the reactors were cooled naturally to room temperature, the precipitates were collected Akt inhibitor and washed several times using distilled water and then were dried at 40°C. After grinding, the titanium-doped ZnO powders were prepared. Evaluation of antibacterial activity Bacterial strains (E. coli and S. aureus) were cultured overnight in nutrient broth medium at 37°C before being used. The strains were diluted to 105 to 106 colony forming units (CFUs) per milliliter with PBS. Twenty milliliters of dilute bacterial suspension was taken in each of the iodine number flask, respectively.

The powders of 0.25 to 2.5 g/L were added into each flask. The bacterial suspension without powders was used as positive control. All the iodine number flasks were put on a shaker bed at 150 rpm and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Both the treated and control bacterial suspensions were diluted by a series of twofold dilutions in PBS solution. The dilute solutions with appropriate dilution ratio were then plated on nutrient agar plates PFT�� to assay the colony forming ability. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and the colonies were counted. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and the averages were obtained. Characterization of titanium-doped ZnO powders The crystalline phases of the powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using D/MAX-RB X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu K radiation in the 2θ range of 10° to 70° at a scan rate of 8°/min. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of the powders were characterized using Scimitar 2000 Near FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Electron, Madison, WI, USA), and the spectra were recorded in the range of 4,000 to 400 cm−1. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra

of the powders were recorded with a model Shimadzu UV2550 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan). The morphologies of the powders were examined by field emission buy Sorafenib scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; S-4800, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM; JEM-2100 F, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Meanwhile, the crystalline characters of the powders were examined. Characterization of cells’ morphology Fresh bacterial culture was treated with titanium-doped ZnO powders at 37°C for 18 h, and then the bacterial suspension of control and treatment were fixed with 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde for 2.5 h. After being centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 5 min, the liquid supernatant of bacterial suspension was discarded.