80 The finding of MAO activity differences in platelets of alcohol-dependent individuals versus controls was first reported approximately 40 years ago.84 It was subsequently found that human platelets contained exclusively the B-type of MAO.85 Early studies also suggested that low platelet MAO activity was associated with certain personality traits, such as impulsiveness, risk-taking

behaviors, aggressiveness, and, in particular, predisposition to alcohol and drug dependence.80,86 It has been hypothesized that low levels of platelet MAO activity may be an endophenotype for predisposition to alcohol and drug abuse; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical however, the results from several studies have not been consistent, and this discrepancy has been primarily attributed to the confounding effect of tobacco use.80,86 Snell et al87 examined the relationship between differences in

platelet MAOB activity associated with alcohol dependence, cigarette smoking, and gender. The findings suggested that lower Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical platelet MAO activity is attributed to cigarette smoking and may reflect reduced substrate accessibility to the MAO catalytic site in smokers. Prospective studies on platelet MAO activity are necessary to further evaluate its validity as an endophenotype Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for alcoholism. Adenylyl UNC1999 order cyclase The enzymatic activity of AC has been proposed as a potential endophenotype Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for alcohol dependence. AC is responsible for the conversion of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger cAMP88,89 Other major components involved in AC/cAMP pathway are various extracellular signal receptors and heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) that couple the signals generated at receptors to the catalysis of cAMP formation. Nine isoforms of the mammalian AC enzyme (types I – IX), with differing regulatory properties, are known to exist.88,90

AC activity is regulated by different receptors, including dopamine, opiate, adenosine, muscarinic cholinergic, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. These receptors interact with either stimulatory (Gs) or inhibitory (Gi) G protein subtypes, resulting in stimulation or inhibition of AC.89 On the other side of the cAMP signaling cascade, phosphodiesterases can inactivate cAMP through hydrolysis into AMP. There are two known targets of cAMP in mammals, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and Oxygenase the cAMP-gated ion channel (predominantly found in the olfactory neurons). The production of cAMP depresses the activity of PKA, which then modulates intracellular metabolism, receptor, or ion channel function, and gene expression in various cells and tissues.88,90,91 cAMP-responsive binding element (CREB) is one example of a transcription factor that can be modulated in its function by the cAMP signaling cascade.