5-5.5 pH gradients available over the World Wide Web as interactive web pages (http://www.unipa.it/ampuglia/Abal-proteome-maps). Functional clustering analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins belong to functional groups involved in central carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis, energetic and redox balance, sugar/amino sugar metabolism, balhimycin biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation or with hypothetical and/or unknown function. Interestingly, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of balhimycin precursors, such as amino acids, amino

sugars and central carbon metabolism intermediates, were upregulated during antibiotic production. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that 8 out of GSK461364 nmr 14 upregulated genes showed a positive correlation between changes at translational and transcriptional expression level. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of two nonproducing mutants, restricted to a sub-set of differentially expressed proteins, showed that most proteins required for the biosynthesis

of balhimycin precursors are downregulated in both mutants. These findings suggest that primary metabolic pathways support anabolic routes leading to balhimycin biosynthesis and the differentially PLX-4720 solubility dmso expressed genes are interesting targets for the construction of high-yielding producer strains by rational genetic engineering.”
“Administration of the compound triterpene 3 beta, 6 beta, 16 beta-trihidroxilup-20(29)-ene (TTHL) resulted in

antinociceptive activity in several pain models in mice. Because pain and epilepsy have common mechanisms, and several anticonvulsants are IWR-1 clinically used to treat painful disorders, we investigated the anticonvulsant potential of TTHL. Behavioral and electrographic recordings revealed that pretreatment with TTHL (30 mg/kg; i.g.) increased the latencies to the first clonic seizure to the tonic clonic and reduced the duration of the generalized seizures induced by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist PTZ (80 g; i.p.). The TTHL pretreatment also protected against PTZ-induced deleterious effects, as characterized by protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, [H-3] glutamate uptake and the inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase (subunits alpha(1) and alpha(2)/alpha(3)). Although TTHL did not exhibit DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity per se and does not alter the binding of [H-3]flunitrazepam to the benzodiazepinic site of the GABA(A) receptor, this compound was effective in preventing behavioral and EEG seizures, as well as the inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase induced by ouabain. These results suggest that the protection against PIL-induced seizures elicited by TTHL is due to Na+,K+-ATPase activity maintenance.