4–8 Therefore, it is thought that FFA might play LY2606368 purchase a role in the pathogenesis of the tubulointerstitial damage in various kidney diseases Free fatty acids loaded into the human proximal tubules are bound to the 14 kDa renal liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and transported to mitochondria or peroxisomes, where they are metabolized by β-oxidization.9 Expression of the L-FABP gene is induced by FFA, and

this protein may regulate the metabolism of FFA and be a key regulator of FFA homeostasis in the cytoplasm.10 Moreover, L-FABP has a high affinity and capacity to bind long-chain fatty acid oxidation products, and may be an effective endogenous antioxidant.11 However, until now, renal L-FABP had not been investigated under pathological conditions of the kidney. Recent development of the method for measuring urinary human L-FABP (hL-FABP), using

a two-step sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure (CMIC, Tokyo, Japan),12 and the establishment of a transgenic (Tg) mouse model harbouring the hL-FABP chromosomal gene have enabled deeper insights into this protein.13 This review is mainly focused on the pathophysiological roles and dynamics of hL-FABP as revealed by Tg animal models of kidney disease. Deterioration of kidney disease is determined to a large extent by the degree of tubulointerstitial VX-765 purchase changes rather than by the extent of histological changes in the glomeruli.3 Therefore, a tubular marker that accurately reflects Urease the tubulointerstitial damage may be an excellent biomarker for early detection or prediction of kidney disease. Although the importance and necessity of measuring clinical parameters in serum or urine of the patients with CKD are emphasized, there are few clinical markers

to predict and monitor the progression of CKD. Urinary protein is widely accepted to help physicians predict the risk of disease progression and the risk of dialysis for individual patients.14,15 However, in patients with nephrosclerosis, renal dysfunction deteriorates in spite of the low levels of urinary protein levels. In order to clarify the clinical relevance of urinary excretion of hL-FABP, urinary hL-FABP levels in 120 nondiabetic adult patients were measured.12 As a result, urinary hL-FABP was shown to reflect the progression rate of kidney disease, as determined by significantly higher hL-FABP levels in patients with deteriorating renal function as opposed to low levels in those with stable renal function. Moreover, in order to confirm the clinical usefulness of urinary hL-FABP as a maker for the monitoring of CKD, a multicenter trial was carried out.16 In this study, urinary hL-FABP was demonstrated to be more sensitive than urinary protein in predicting the progression of CKD.