2). Discussion The genus Ramularia, which is based on R. pusilla, has been linked to the teleomorph genus Mycosphaerella (Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes), which is again based

on M. punctiformis (anamorph: R. endophylla) (Verkley et al. 2004). Although the genus Mycosphaerella is polyphyletic (Crous et al. 2007, 2009a, b; Schoch et al. 2006, 2009), the genus Ramularia represents a monophyletic entity within the Mycosphaerellaceae (Crous et al. 2009a, b). Although conidiogenous loci of Scleroramularia appear to have a similar morphology to that observed in Ramularia (Kirschner 2009) (Fig. 4), conidial chains remain intact for longer, being linked via the pore in their central dome, while this is not observed in Ramularia, where conidial chains break free much sooner. Phylogenetically,

Scleroramularia appears to represent an undescribed order in the Dothideomycetes, between the Pleosporales and Botryosphaeriales. Braun click here (1995) www.selleckchem.com/products/SNS-032.html provided a key to several Ramularia-like genera, which occur on numerous hosts, and range in ecology from being saprobic to hyperparasitic or plant pathogenic. Genera with pycnidial to acervular conidiomata such as Septoria/Phloeospora, Phloeosporella and Pseudocercosporella are clearly distinct from Scleroramularia, which forms its conidia on superficial mycelium in culture (also mycelial plaques on fruit). Several hyphomycete SU5416 purchase genera have hyaline structures, conidia arranged in chains, and darkened, thickened, somewhat refractive loci, resembling Scleroramularia. Helgardia (teleom. Oculimacula), Microdochium, Mycocyclosporella, Neoramularia and Thedgonia all have unthickened conidial scars (Braun 1995, 1998; Robbertse et al. 1995; Crous et

al. 2003, 2009a, b; Frank et al. 2010). The most similar to Scleroramularia is Ramularia, incl. Ovularia with its aseptate conidia (Crous 2009), Tretovularia, Neoovularia, Ramulariopsis and the synnematous Phacellium (Braun 1995, 1998), having hyaline conidiophores and branched conidial chains, with somewhat darkened, refractive scars. None of these genera, however, produce sclerotia, and are therefore distinct from Scleroramularia. The discovery of Scleroramularia as a new, potentially species-rich genus of epiphytic fungi Obeticholic Acid occurring on fruit surfaces of different hosts suggests that many unexplored niches still await to be sampled. Furthermore, a diverse range of different epiphytic fungi, representing several novel genera, has recently been reported to be associated with SBFS (Frank et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2010). The fact that fungi occurring in different plant parts appear to be ecologically and genetically separated suggests that as more species of fruit are sampled, we will gain a better understanding of the species associated with SBFS, their host range, distribution and ecology. Key to species of Scleroramularia* 1. Basal conidia longer than 55 μm in length ………………….