1Introduction6.2System Overview6.3Cross Correlation6.3.1Error Analysis of the Cross-Correlation Method6.3.2Flat Noise Spectra: Arbitrary Signal Spectrum6.3.3Flat Noise Spectra: Flat Signal Spectrum6.4Generalized Cross-Correlation6.5Estimating the Time Delay with the Generalized Correlation Method6.5.1Roth Process6.5.2Smoothed Coherence Transform (SCOT)6.5.3Phase Transform (PHAT)6.5.4Eckart Filter6.5.5Maximum Likelihood6.5.6Variance of the Delay Estimators6.6Time Delay Estimation Using the Phase of the Cross-Spectral Density6.6.1Introduction6.6.2Data Model6.6.3Properties of the Sample CSD6.6.4TDOA Estimation6.6.5Cramer-Rao Bound6.6.6Other Considerations6.6.7Summary6.7Effects of Frequency and Phase Errors in EW TDOA Direction-Finding Systems6.7.1Introduction6.7.2Perfect Synchronization6.7.3Errors in Synchronization6.7.4Effects of Finite Sample Time6.7.5White Noise Signal6.7.6Simulation Results6.7.7Estimator Performance6.7.8Ramifications6.7.9Summary6.8Concluding RemarksReferencesChapter 7 Single-Site Location Techniques7.1Introduction7.2HF Signal Propagation7.2.1Ionograms7.2.2Magnetic Field Effects7.3Single-Site Location7.4Passive SSL7.5Determining the Reflection Delay with the Cepstrum7.6MUSIC Cepstrum SSL7.7Earth Curvature7.8Skywave DF Errors7.8.1Introduction7.8.2Magnetic Field Effects7.8.3Ross Curve7.8.4Bailey Curve7.9Ray Tracing7.9.1Parabolic Modeling7.10Accuracy Comparison of SSL and Triangulation for Ionospherically Propagated Signals7.10.1Introduction7.10.2Spherical Model7.10.3Plane Model7.10.4Comparison Between SSL and Triangulation7.10.5Summary7.11Concluding RemarksReferencesAppendix A Grassmann AlgebraA.1BackgroundA.2IntroductionA.3Exterior ProductA.3.1Properties of the Exterior ProductA.3.2m-VectorsA.4Regressive ProductA.4.1Unions and Intersections of SpacesA.4.2Properties of the Regressive ProductA.4.3The Common Factor AxiomA.4.4The Common Factor TheoremA.4.5The Intersection of Two Bivectors in a 3-D SpaceA.5Geometric InterpretationsA.5.1Points and VectorsA.5.2Sums and Differences of PointsA.5.3Lines and PlanesA.5.4Intersection of Two LinesA.6The ComplementA.6.1The Complement as a Correspondence Between SpacesA.6.2The Euclidean ComplementA.6.3The Complement of a ComplementA.6.4The Complement AxiomA.7The Interior ProductA.7.1Inner Products and Scalar ProductsA.7.2Calculating Interior ProductsA.7.3Expanding Interior ProductsA.7.4The Interior Product of a Bivector and a VectorA.8Concluding RemarksReferencesAppendix B Nonlinear Programming AlgorithmsB.1IntroductionB.2Steepest DescentB.2.1IntroductionB.2.2Method of Steepest DescentB.2.3ConvergenceB.2.4ScalingB.2.5ExtensionsB.3Gauss-Newton MethodB.4Levenberg-Marquardt AlgorithmB.4.1IntroductionB.4.2Nonlinear Least-Squares MinimizationB.4.3LM as a Blend of Gradient Descent and Gauss-Newton IterationB.5Concluding RemarksReferencesAcronymsSymbolsAbout the AuthorIndexFootnotes*Editor’s Note: The brief summary and the contents of the books are reported as provided by the authors or the publishers.