(c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Dendritic cells (DC) are professional phagocytes possessing a unique ability to sense perturbations in the tissue microenvironment and promote adaptive immune responses, whilst maintaining immunological tolerance. Mouse myeloid DC progenitors with the ability to migrate through the blood and CH5424802 replenish the DC pool have been identified in bone marrow but the ontogeny of human DC is poorly understood. Access to lymphoid tissues for human DC isolation is severely limited and researchers have

resorted to the use of in vitro derivation systems in attempts to understand DC development, which may result in misleading conclusions. The identification of a human DC progenitor in blood would greatly enhance the understanding of DC homeostasis and their role in pathogenesis.”
“Trans-3-(3’4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3 '',4 ''-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (Comp.1) and cis-3-(3’4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3 '',4 ''-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (Comp.2), phenylbutenoid dimers, have been isolated as neurotrophic molecules from an Indonesian medicinal plant, Zingiber purpureum.

The aim of this study was to explore the neurotrophic effects of Comp.1 and Comp.2 in vitro ACY-738 and in vivo. Comp.1 (10-30 mu M) or Comp.2 (30 mu M) significantly induced neurite sprouting in EPZ004777 ic50 PC12 cells. Comp.1 (0.03-3 mu

M) or Comp.2 (0.3-3 mu M) significantly increased the neurite length and number of neurites in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. Comp.1 (30 mu M) and Comp.2 (3-30 mu M) also provided significant protection against cell death caused by deprivation of serum. The in vivo effects of both Comp.1 and Comp.2 were evaluated on hippocampal neurogenesis in olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice, an experimental depression and dementia animal model. Comp.1 (50 mg/kg p.o.), Comp.2 (50 mg/kg p.o.), or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.), an antidepressant, were administrated once a day on days 15-28 after OBX. Neurogenesis was assessed by analysis of cells expressing NeuN, a neuronal marker, and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus was significantly decreased 30 days after OBX. Chronic treatment with Comp.1, Comp.2 or fluoxetine significantly increased the number of BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells. These results indicate that Comp.1 and Comp.2 have neurotrophic effects, and have the potential for disease modification in depression and dementia. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Stressful stimuli evoke neuronal and neuroendocrine responses helping an organism to adapt to changed environmental conditions.