The initial phylogenetic tree of the HA1 domain Libraries nucleotide sequences of each A-subtype or B-lineage was constructed with the PhyML software package version 3.0 [4] using GTR + I + Γ4. For this analysis the general time-reversible model with the proportion of invariant sites and the gamma distribution of among-site rate variation with four categories was estimated from the empirical data, determined by ModelTest [5] as the evolutionary model.

GARLI v0.961 [6] was run on the best tree from PhyML for 2 million generations to optimise tree topology and branch lengths for each virus A-subtype or B-lineage. The virus gene sequence accession numbers and their originating laboratories used in this report are listed in Table S1. A combination of antigenic and genetic data is routinely used to identify emergent antigenic variants. Antigenic cartography [7] was used to visualise the HI data. As discussed previously, the behaviour buy Perifosine of A(H3N2) viruses in HA and HI assays has changed in recent years and their antigenic analyses have become more complex [8]. In particular, guinea pig RBC are now preferred for antigenic characterisation of current A(H3N2) MK-8776 purchase viruses in HA and HI assays. To control for the possible participation of the virus NA in the agglutination of RBC, HI assays can also be performed in the presence of oseltamivir [9]. Virus neutralisation (plaque

reduction and microneutralisation) assays were performed in addition to HI tests for a subset of A(H3N2) viruses and a small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In addition

to antigenic studies using post-infection ferret antisera, human serum panels obtained pre- and post-vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine formulations were used to assess current vaccine coverage against representative recently circulating viruses. Serum panels for adults, elderly and paediatric populations received from Australia, China, Japan, the UK and the USA were tested where available. Only a relatively small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (392) were subjected to HI analysis by the WHO CCs from September 2012 to February 2013. The majority of these viruses remained PD184352 (CI-1040) antigenically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009 based on assays with post-infection ferret antisera and only 3.3% of these viruses had reduced titres of 8-fold or greater compared to titres against the homologous virus (Table 1). A high resolution phylogenetic tree of the HA genes was constructed and included 379 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates collected through GISRS since February 2012 as shown in Fig. S1. While the phylogenetic tree of the A(H1N1)pdm09 HA gene can be divided into eight major genetic groups, the majority of viruses analysed for the VCM belonged to group 6 with the signature amino acid (AA) substitutions D97N, S185T and S451N in HA1 (Fig. 2, Fig. S1). Fewer viruses belonged to group 7 (signature AA substitutions N97D and A197T in HA1) were still present but fewer in number than in the previous reporting period.