With CCG-63802 in the pipette, the magnitude of LTD in control solution and in the presence of sulpiride was indistinguishable (76% ± 10% with CCG-63802; 70% ± 12% with CCG-63802 in sulpiride; Figure 6C). Thus, we conclude that RGS4 is acting acutely in the postsynaptic neuron to modulate LTD. We also tested whether replacing RGS4 protein in indirect-pathway MSNs from RGS4−/− mice could rescue the modulation of LTD by D2 and A2A receptors. We loaded different concentrations of recombinant RGS4 protein into the pipette and obtained whole-cell recordings from indirect-pathway MSNs in RGS4−/− mice. We found that the effects of loading recombinant RGS4 into the MSN were highly dose-dependent

(Figure S4). A low concentration (10 pM) of RGS4 allowed LTD to occur but did not restore the modulation of LTD by D2 and A2A receptors seen in wild-type mice. A higher concentration (50 pM) of RGS4, completely blocked LTD, FG-4592 clinical trial presumably because Gq signaling was constitutively inhibited by an excess of RGS4. However, an intermediate concentration (25 pM) of RGS4 did not block LTD on its own but enabled LTD to be blocked by either sulpiride or CGS21680 (66% ± 6% with 25 pM RGS4; 84% ±

2% with 25 pM RGS4 in sulpiride; 96% ± 5% with 25 pM RGS4 in CGS21680; LTD with 25 pM RGS4 was Lumacaftor significantly different from LTD with 25 pM RGS4 in either sulpiride or CGS21680, p < 0.05; Figure 6D). This result demonstrates that there is a concentration of RGS4 protein that allows for fast, dynamic

regulation of its activity, likely via PKA phosphorylation (Huang et al., 2007). The fact that replacement of RGS4 protein only in the postsynaptic MSN was able to rescue D2 and A2A receptor modulation of LTD in RGS4−/− mice argues against developmental defects contributing to the changes in LTD in the knockout mice, and provides further support for a cell-autonomous action of RGS4. The striatum receives dense dopaminergic innervation from the substantia nigra pars compacta, and dopamine is required for proper striatal function. Etomidate When dopaminergic innervation of the striatum is lost, as occurs in humans with Parkinson’s disease, motor function is severely impaired. Similarly, when striatal dopamine is depleted in mice by injecting the toxin 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (where dopaminergic axons exit the substantia nigra pars compacta), parkinsonian motor behaviors, such as increased immobility and decreased ambulation are observed. At least part of the inhibition of motor function following dopamine depletion may be due to the loss of LTD in indirect-pathway MSNs, which normally requires dopamine D2 receptor activation (Kreitzer and Malenka, 2007). Therefore, we next tested whether LTD could be elicited in indirect-pathway MSNs from dopamine-depleted RGS4−/− mice, where activation of the dopamine D2 receptor is not required for LTD (Figure 6B).