Piotrowski found sellckchem the activity of caspase-3 (CPP32) increased in hippocampus in the diabetic rats and the presence of neuronal damage and death in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in the experimental STZ-induced diabetes [23]. The effects of the antioxidative treatment support the hypothesis of an important role of oxidative stress and free radicals in neuronal pathology in diabetes and ischaemia. In our previous study, histological disorganization of the SN with increased NOS and TGF-��1 suggests that apoptosis begins as a result of oxidative stress in the diabetic SN [24]. These structural alterations during the progression of diabetic neuropathy also have been reported by other investigators [10]. Together with the results, it can be considered that especially in tissues containing neurons, the effects of oxidative stress occurs much more quickly and efficiently.

In conclusion, the presented results suggest that melatonin administration might be beneficial for reducing diabetic complications by preventing oxidative damage due to NOS increase in the diabetic rat. However, further molecular investigations are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of action and to examine the potential therapeutic effects of MLT on diabetic tissue damage and apoptosis.
Climate change affects human health by a combination of direct and indirect processes. Thus, the abrupt change of temperatures leading to heat waves or cold spells has become widespread, causing fatal illnesses, such as heat stress or hypothermia, as well as increasing death rates from heart and respiratory diseases.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the statistics on mortality and hospital admissions show that death rates increase during extremely hot days, particularly among very old and very young people living in cities. In Portugal, during the European heat wave of 2003, a total of 2399 excessive deaths were estimated which implied an increase of 58% over AV-951 the expected deaths [1].The indirect effects of climate change on human health are related, among others, to the changes in air pollution levels under future climate. Thus, changes in the temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation that may accompany future climate can deeply impact air quality because of induced changes in the transport, dispersion, and transformation of air pollutants at multiple scales [2, 3]. According to Sheffield et al. [4], climate change could cause an increase in regional summer ozone-related asthma emergency department visits for children aged 0�C17 years of 7.3% across the New York metropolitan region by the 2020s. When population growth is included, the projections of morbidity related to ozone were even larger.