Forest restoration is a more effective than agroforestry in watershed protection, builds on local knowledge, and benefits both biodiversity and local communities. Bioneering and ecosystem-based adaptation are both based on the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes and our future ultimately depends on these more than the technological fixes we have enjoyed in the past. It is unfortunate that adaptation and the cooperative behavior it requires are often frustrated by societal institutions that are more interested Adriamycin mw in self-preservation and civic stability than intergenerational well-being (May 2010).

Biogeography provides a longer-term view of past biotic change, the product of ecology and evolution in this ever-changing geographic theater, and provides a basis Trichostatin A cost for informed projections about the future. Given the refugial nature of the current Southeast Asian biota, and the predictable trends of the ongoing environmental changes, it is clear that biodiversity and humans together face ominous threats. The window for limiting temperature

increases to a tolerable range is closing fast and, although many of the drivers of change lie outside this region, much can be achieved locally by thoughtful mitigation. Working together, biogeographers Pembrolizumab and conservationists must act as if their efforts in the next 20 years will affect the quality of life in this region for at least a thousand years. Acknowledgements I thank Navjot Sodhi and Lian Pin Koh for the opportunity of participating in the symposium and the University of California Academic Senate for partial travel support. Two anonymous reviewers provided useful criticisms

of the manuscript and Katherine E. LeVan prepared the figures. I am also indebted to Robert Inger who sent me a copy of his seminal monograph on the zoogeography of the Philippines in 1957 when I was 14 years old; it has proven most inspirational. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References Attwood SW, Johnston DA (2001) Nucleotide sequence Fedratinib cost differences reveal genetic variation in Neotricula aperta (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae), the snail host of schistosomiasis in the lower Mekong basin. Biol J Linn Soc 73:23–41 Ausubel K, Harpignies JP (eds) (2004) Nature’s operating instructions: the true biotechnologies. The Bioneers Series. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco Baimai V, Brockelman WY (1998) Biodiversity research and training program in Thailand.